马克思

注释

作者:马克思

马克思

In citing works here,short titles have been used,with full title and publishing details given in the Bibliography.Works or institutions frequently cited have been abbreviated as follows:

Dessau—Landeshauptarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt Abteilung Dessau

FE-PL-Friedrich Engels-Paul Lafargue and Laura Lafargue,Moscow:Foreign Languages Publishing House,1959,1960.

Hamburg—Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg Kulturbehörde Staatsarchiv IISG—Intemnationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis,Amsterdam KMI—McLellan,David(ed.),.London:Macmillan,1981.

MECW—.Moscow,London,New York:Progress Publishers,Intermational Publishers,and Lawrence &Wishart,1975-2004.

MEGA—Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels..Berlin:Akademie Verlag,1927-ongoing.

Moscow-Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial’no -politicheskoi istorii,MoscowREM—.Moscow:Foreign Language Publishing House,1970.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 16,489.

〔2〕Henry Mayhew,,167.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 38,325;MEGA,III,Band 4,85-86.

〔1〕Honoré de Balzac,Gambara,84.

〔2〕Robert Payne,Marx:A Biography,25.

〔3〕H.F.Peters,Red Jenny,5.

〔4〕历史学家戴维 ·卡吉尔追溯燕妮的家族史时,认为燕妮-家源自首任阿盖尔伯爵科林,后者同时拥有坎贝尔爵士封号。不过,卡吉尔认为,燕妮一家与阿奇博尔德·阿盖尔并非直系亲属,虽然燕妮一家坚持如此认为。来源: Robert Payne,Marx,26-27,557.

〔5〕Peter Stearns,,232-233.

〔6〕Peters,15,18;Ferdinand von Westphalen to Wilhelm von Flourencourt,Nov.26,1830,Dessau.

〔7〕Isaiah Berlin,,8-9,13.

〔8〕E.H.Car,,14.

〔9〕Berlin,,70-71.

〔10〕Peters,,15.

〔11〕Steven Ozment,,157,159.

〔12〕Isaiah Berlin,,29-32;Isaiah Berlin,,80.

〔13〕Eric Hobsbawm,,1789-1848,35.

〔14〕Peters,Red Jenny,1,8;Robert Payne,Marx,28.

〔15〕R.J.W.Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann(eds.),,14;Paul Lafargue,The Right to Be Lazy,77-78; Hobsbawm,,139-140.

〔16〕Alexis de Tocqueville,,66-67.

〔17〕Hobsbawm,,140;Tocqueville,Recollections,2-3.

〔18〕Hobsbawm,,146.

〔19〕Ozment,,169;Carl Schurz,,1829-1852,104-105.

〔20〕MECW,Volume 6,21-22.

〔21〕John Breuilly(ed.),,113.

〔22〕John Breuilly,,30.

〔23〕Theodore S.Hamerow,,34.

〔24〕Jerrold Seigel,,40-41.

〔25〕Peters,,15.

〔26〕Robert Payne,23-24.

〔27〕Wilhelm Liebknecht,,65.

〔28〕Oscar J.Hammen,,9.

〔29〕Wemer Blumenberg,,6..

〔30〕Ibid.,6-7;David McLellan,,2-3;Saul K .Padover,,2-3.

〔31〕Blumenberg,,7;Jonathan Sperber(ed.),Germany,1800- 1870,183.

〔32〕亨利希·马克思接受法律培训的具体情况,以及他成为律师的年份,均无从知晓。来源:McLellan,Karl Marx,4;Berlin,,23;Padover,,4.

〔33〕Eleanor Marx to “Comrade,”Oct.1,1893,Moscow;Liebknecht,,163.

〔34〕Boris Nicolaievsky and Otto Maenchen-Helfen,,4.

〔35〕McLellan,,4;Blumenberg,,9;Berlin,,17-20;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,4.

〔36〕Padover,,5-6.

〔37〕McLellan,5;Blumenberg,Ilustrated,10;Padover,,18.

〔38〕Padover,,17.

〔39〕McLellan,,1.

〔40〕Berlin,,23.

〔41〕Ibid.,21;Padover,,7;S.L.Gilman,“Karl Marx and the Secret Language of Jews,“31.

〔42〕McLellan,,4.

〔43〕Blumenberg,,13.

〔44〕Hammen,,16.

〔45〕Sperber(ed.),,150.

〔46〕Fritz J.Raddatz,:A Political Biography,11;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,13.

〔47〕McLellan,,6;Blumenberg,,10;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,9;James M.Brophy,in the Rhineland,1800-1850,100-101.

〔48〕Hal Draper and E.Haberkern,’,20.

〔49〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,8.

〔50〕Emst Pawel,,8.

〔51〕MECW,Volume 1,4-9.

〔1〕Friedrich von Schiller,,14.

〔2〕McLellan,,13-14;Padover,,23,28;Robert Payne,,42,44;MECW,Volume 1,689.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 1,646.

〔4〕Ibid,651.

〔5〕Ibid,648.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 1,657-658.

〔7〕Francoise Giroud,,33.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 1,698.

〔9〕Brophy,,271.

〔10〕Giroud,,24;Hobsbawm,,283.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 1,689.

〔12〕Padover,,31.

〔13〕McLellan,,15,19;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,29;Padover,,32;Robert Payne,Karl Marnx,47.

〔14〕Sperber(ed.),,1800-1870,150.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 1,688.

〔16〕Ibid.,11-21.

〔17〕Robert Payne,,49.

〔18〕MECW,Volume 1,18-19.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 25,24.

〔20〕Eric Hobsbawm,,48,75;J.M.Roberts,,327-328;Hobsbawm,,46,61,340.

〔21〕Hobsbawm,,304;Hammen,Red 48ers,18;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,33;McLellan,,26.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 1,664-665.

〔23〕Ibid.,517-528.

〔24〕Ibid.,666-667.

〔25〕Ibid.,670-671.

〔26〕Franz Mehring,,9.

〔27〕Harmmen,,,,79.

〔28〕Ozment,Mighty Fortress,187;Leszek Kolakowski,,88;,77.

〔29〕KMIR,3.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 1,674-675.

〔31〕Ibid.,686-688.

〔32〕Ibid.,691-692.

〔33〕Jenny von Westphalen to ,after May 10,1838,Moscow.

〔34〕Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Studienzentrum,Karl-Marx-Haus,Trier.

〔35〕McLellan,,27-28.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 1,707.

〔2〕Ibid.,704.

〔3〕Giroud,38;Peters,Red Jenny,26;Robert Payne,,89.

〔4〕MECW,Volume 1,696-697.

〔5〕Ibid.,698.

〔6〕106-107;Hammen,,23;Breuilly,,29,33.

〔7〕Schurz,106-107.

〔8〕Berlin,,47.

〔9〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,41.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 1,379;McLellan,,33;Francis Wheen,:A Life,33.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 1,27-28.

〔12〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,41,47;Mehring,,32;Hammen,Red 48ers,27;McLellan,,42.

〔13〕John Breuilly(ed.),19th-Century Germany,99.

〔14〕Lenore O’Boyle,“The Democratic Left in Gemany,1848,“379-380.

〔15〕Ibid.,379.

〔16〕McLellan,,32;Luc Somerhausen,L’Humanisme Agissant de ,10.

〔17〕Robert-Jean Longuet,:,70.

〔18〕Padover,,19.

〔19〕to Amold Ruge,May 1843,MEGA,Ⅲ,Band 1,48-53.

〔20〕Sperber(ed.),,1800-1870,53.

〔21〕McLellan,,34.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 1,707.

〔23〕Ibid.,709.

〔24〕Ibid.,707.

〔25〕Giroud,,39-40.

〔26〕Jenny von Westphalen to ,Sept.13,1841,MEGA,Ⅲ,Band 1,366-368.

〔27〕Longuet,,74;McLellan,,35.

〔28〕Padover,,60-61;MECW,Volume 1,109.

〔29〕根据法律,检查员可以强迫出版商开除被认定为不可信任的编辑,即便不开除,也要有措施防范他们违反相关规定。来源:MECW,Volume 1,116,119,120,123,125,131.

〔30〕McLellan,Karl Marx,35;Hammen,,19-20;Sperber(ed.),Germany,1800-1870,193.

〔31〕McLellan,,61;Giroud,45;Peters,,30;Padover,,73;Robert Payne,,89.

〔32〕McLellan,,37-38.

〔33〕Ibid.,38;Berlin,,54.

〔34〕McLellan,,38;Stearns,1848,56;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,47-48,50.

〔35〕MECW,Volume 11,8-9;Hamerow,,7,61-62.

〔36〕Padover,,65.

〔37〕Brophy,,49,162.

〔38〕MECW,Volume 1,155,162.

〔39〕KMIR,2.

〔40〕McLellan,,41.

〔41〕MECW,Volume 1,389.

〔42〕McLellan,,42-43.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 1,392.

〔44〕Ibid.,220.

〔45〕KMIR,3.

〔46〕Ibid.,5.

〔47〕McLellan,,44.

〔48〕Hammen,,28.

〔49〕MECW,Volume 1,394.

〔50〕Ibid.,395.

〔51〕Izumi Omura,Valerij Fomicev,Rolf Hecker,and Shun-ichi Kubo (eds.),,416;Padover,,72.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 50,497.

〔53〕McLellan,,46;Hobsbawm,,51;Hamerow Restoration,,17,19,47,52.

〔54〕MECW,Volume 1,234,254.

〔55〕Ibid.,340,342.

〔56〕McLellan,,48-50.

〔57〕Peters,,36.

〔58〕MECW,Volume 1,396-398;McLellan,,47.

〔59〕McLellan,,50;Peters,Red Jenny,38;Berlin,,56; Wheen,,12.

〔60〕Padover,,69;McLellan,,50.

〔61〕MECW,Volume 1,397-398.

〔1〕Pawel,,271.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 3,572.

〔3〕Ibid.,134;Longuet,,82.

〔4〕MECW,Volume 1,728.

〔5〕Longuet,,85;Maenchen-Helfen and Nicolaievsky,.

〔6〕Armold Ruge to ,Aug.10,1843,MEGA,III,Band I,409-410. 〔7〕McLellan,,61.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 1,399.

〔9〕Ibid.,728.

〔10〕Berlin,Roots of Romanticism,94.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 3,573-574.

〔12〕Giroud,,52-53;Robert Payne,,92.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 1,729.

〔14〕REM,279;Padover,,76;McLellan,,62.

〔15〕Raddatz,,77;Peters,,41.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 3,175,187;Padover,79;Seigel,,106-107.

〔17〕Giroud,,53-54.

〔18〕Berlin,,59.

〔19〕Hammen,,24;McLellan,,63-64.

〔20〕McLellan,,64-65;Breuilly(ed.),,46.

〔21〕Padover,,79.

〔22〕Karl Marx to Amold Ruge,Sept.1843,MEGA,III,Band I,54-57.

〔1〕to Amold Ruge,Sept.1843,MEGA,III,Band 1,54-57.

〔2〕Francois Fejtö (ed.),,72-75;Somerhausen,,51-52,54.

〔3〕Edith Thomas,,3;Hammen,,80.

〔4〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,66;Pavel Annenkov,The ,63.

〔5〕Fejtö(ed.),,75.

〔6〕KMIR,7;McLellan,,73.

〔7〕KMIR,6-7.

〔8〕REM,82.

〔9〕Peters,,44-45;Hammen,Red 48ers,64.

〔10〕,117;Peters,,45.

〔11〕Hobsbawm,,316-317;Hal Draper,,136-137.

〔12〕Hobsbawm,,151,324.

〔13〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Sept.7,1895,Moscow; Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,72.

〔14〕Robert Payne,,97-100.

〔15〕Pawel,5-7,13,68;Robert Payne,,97-100

〔16〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Sept.7,1895,Moscow.

〔17〕Hammen,,70-71;McLellan,,73.

〔18〕McLellan,,88-89;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,69;Padover,,87.

〔19〕出自燕妮在1865年写的回忆录。回忆录没能完成,只是一些零散的笔记,直到1965年才被整理成书出版。来源:KMIR,19 .

〔20〕Hammen,,79;McLellan,Karl Marx,89;Somerhausen ,26;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,70;Mehring,,62.

〔21〕McLellan,,88;Mehring,,67.

〔22〕McLellan,,80.

〔23〕MECW,Volume 3,187.

〔24〕McLellan,,77;MECW,Volume 3,147-148,173-174.

〔25〕Hammen,,79;McLellan,,90;Raddatz,,47.

〔26〕McLellan,,89;Hammen,,79;Padover,,87;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,70.

〔27〕McLellan,,89;Padover,,87.

〔28〕Raddatz,,47.

〔29〕KMIR,8-9.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 11,264-266.

〔31〕马克思家的女儿全都根据母亲的名字,取名“燕妮”,比如燕妮·茱莉亚·琳娜和燕妮·劳拉,但只有大女儿使用了“燕妮”这个正式名字,另外两个女儿的正式名字分别是“爱琳娜”和“劳拉”。来源:The other daughters were formally known as Eleanor and Laura.Omura,Fomicev,Hecker,and Kubo(eds.),,447.

〔32〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Sept.7,1895,Moscow.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 1,581-584 and Volume 3,581.

〔1〕Carr,Michael Bakunin,137.

〔2〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,82.

〔3〕宴会人数众多,有来自俄国的米哈伊尔·巴枯宁、格里戈里·托尔斯泰伯爵和谢尔盖·博特金医生,来自法国的社会主义报人路易·勃朗和皮埃尔·勒鲁,以及来自德国的卢格、贝尔奈斯和马克思。来源: Raddatz,,53;Somerhausen,,26;Carr,,126.

〔4〕K.J.Kenafick,.15;Carr,,3,5,18,86,90,94 .

〔5〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,54.

〔6〕Carr,,167.

〔7〕Ibid.,129.

〔8〕KMIR,11.

〔9〕Steans,,27,50,60-61;Amold Whitridge,,50-51.

〔10〕Stearns,,27,50.

〔11〕Hammen,,90;Steams,1848,46-47;Roberts,,338-339;Evans and von Strandmann (eds.),,1848-49 10.

〔12〕Berlin,,9-10.

〔13〕McLellan,,79-80;Padover,,91;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,79.

〔14〕恩格斯说同盟与法国秘密组织四季社联系紧密,后者的领袖是革命经历丰富的奥古斯特·布朗基和阿蒙· 巴尔贝斯。来源:Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,,39-40.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 3,313.

〔16〕马克思研究的经济学家包括大卫·李嘉图、亚当·斯密和让—巴蒂斯特。马克思的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》奠定了他一生研究工作的基础,最终促成了《资本论》的面世。来源: MECW,Volume 3,xvi-xvii,270-273;McLellan, ,94-98.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 3,324.

〔18〕Ibid.,273.

〔19〕Hobsbawm,,212;Fejtō(ed.),,68-69.

〔20〕Fejto(ed.),,75.

〔21〕McLellan,,103-104 .

〔22〕Pawel,,126.

〔23〕MECW,Volume 3,313.

〔24〕Draper,,174-175,177;Hamerow,,35.

〔25〕Longuet,,107;Hammen,,82;McLellan,,103-104;Brophy,,87.

〔26〕MECW,Volume 38,64;Raddatz,,53;Carr,,125.

〔27〕MECW,Volume 20,28;McLellan,,103-104;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,81;Hammen,,82;Whitridge,,196-197.

〔28〕MECW,Volume 4,24 and Volume 20,28;McLellan,,117.

〔29〕Wheen,,67.

〔30〕法国周边的君主国家认为巴黎的民主令人恐惧(当时有作家描述说巴黎“肆无忌惮且满是革命论调”),并派了大量间谍来加以控制。来源: The Extraordinary Decade,63;Robert Payne,,106.

〔31〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,81-82.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 3,576-579.

〔33〕还有说法称刺客的动机是不满国王没有倾听他对腐败的控诉。枪手原来在一个村庄做邮递员,也算吃过公家饭,后被吊死。来源: He was exe- cuted.Brophy,,85.)

〔34〕MEGA,I,Band 2,501.

〔35〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,82-83.

〔36〕Somerhausen,,69.

〔37〕MECW,Volume 3,582-583.

〔1〕Wheen,,17.

〔2〕McLellan,,95,115.

〔3〕bid.,116;Seigel,,147.

〔4〕KMIR,5.

〔5〕Marx and Engels,,44.

〔6〕Gustav Mayer,,3-4;Terrell Carver 5;Carver,3.

〔7〕MECW,Volume 2,582.

〔8〕Carver,,3;Seigel,Marx’s Fate,148.

〔9〕Mayer,,9-10;Engels,,x;Hammen,,30.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 2,511-512.

〔11〕Ibid.,525.

〔12〕Carver,,31;Carver,,3; Yelena Stepanova,Frederick Engels,22.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 2,9.

〔14〕Ibid.,10.

〔15〕Carver,,146.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 2,493.

〔17〕Stepanova,,17.

〔18〕Ibid.,19;Hammen,,35-36;Mayer,,19; Carver,,64;Hammen,,36.

〔19〕Mayer,,26;Hammen,,39.

〔20〕Mayer,,4.

〔21〕Ibid.,30;Carver,,96-97.

〔22〕John Smethurst,Edmund Frow,and Ruth Frow,“and the English Working Class Movement in Manchester,1842-1844,“340-341.

〔23〕Ibid.,341.

〔24〕Ibid,342.

〔25〕Edmund Frow and Ruth Frow,in Manchester,9,11; Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Mar.15,1898,Moscow.

〔26〕Engels,,61,63,65,66.

〔27〕Ibid.,91.

〔28〕Ibid.,148.

〔29〕Smethurst,Frow,and Frow,“Frederick Engels and the English Working Class Movement,”342.

〔30〕Mayer,,44;Mick Jenkins,16.

〔31〕Smethurst,Frow,and Frow,“and the English Working Class Movement,“343-344.

〔32〕Carver,,110-111;Hammen,,77.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 4,8.

〔34〕McLellan,,118.

〔35〕Giroud,,62.

〔36〕McLellan,,116-117.

〔37〕MECW,Volume 4,55-76.

〔38〕MECW,Volume 38,9-10.

〔39〕Ibid.,4,17-18.

〔40〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,83-84.

〔41〕REM,222.

〔42〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,84.

〔43〕Ibid.,84-85.

〔44〕REM,222.

〔45〕MECW,Volume 38,525-526.

〔46〕REM,222.

〔1〕McLellan,,143.

〔2〕Fejtö(ed.),,161;Robert Payne,,118.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 4,675.

〔4〕Ibid.,676-677.

〔5〕Somerhausen,,76.

〔6〕Ibid.,75;Raddatz,,284.

〔7〕Longuet,,114.

〔8〕Ibid.,118.

〔9〕McLellan,,141;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,99-100.

〔10〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,100;Peters,,62-63.

〔11〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,100.

〔12〕McLellan,,129;Fejtō(ed.),,57;KMIR 20;Robert Payne,,118-119.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 38,21-22;McLellan,Karl Marx,130;Longuet,,118.

〔14〕KMIR,20;McLellan,,130;Longuet,,118.

〔15〕KMIR,5-6.

〔16〕直到1852年赫斯才结婚,这时候他的父亲已经去世了。来源:Shlomo Avineri,,16;Longuet,,118.

〔17〕KMIR,20.

〔18〕Peters,,60;McLellan,,129-130;Edna Healey,,78.

〔19〕KMIR,20;Peters,,60.

〔20〕KMIR,60;Valerij Fomičev,“Helene Demuth Without Brethren,“970; Peters,,61.

〔21〕McLellan,,130;Longuet,,119;Mayer,,66.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 38,9-10.

〔23〕Ibid.,19-20.

〔24〕Ibid.,10-11,28-29.

〔25〕Ibid.,572(n)

〔26〕Mayer,,65.

〔27〕MECW,Volume 38,13.

〔28〕McLellan,,130.

〔29〕MECW,Volume 38,19.

〔30〕McLellan,,143;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,133.

〔31〕Longuet,,120.

〔32〕Whitridge,,293.

〔33〕Stearns,1848,31-32;Hobsbawm,64;Roberts,,14.

〔34〕Hamerow,,81.

〔35〕Stearns,1848,28;Roberts,,221,913.

〔36〕Hobsbawm,,169;Fejtǒ(ed.),,24.

〔37〕Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,1848-49,3; Derek Offord,,20.

〔38〕Annenkov,Extraordinary Decade,62.

〔39〕Offord,,10;Hobsbawm,160,162.

〔40〕Fejtö(ed.),,60.

〔1〕Mayhew,,296.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 5,3;McLellan,,131-132.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 5,5.

〔4〕McLellan,,130.

〔5〕G.D.H.Cole and Raymond Postgate,,302,305;Steans,1848,22.

〔6〕McLellan,,133;“On Your Marx,“The Guardian,London,Feb. 4,2006,31;MECW,Volume 38,574.

〔7〕Mayhew,,12-13,15;Engels,,80,84.

〔8〕Engels,,61,72-73.

〔9〕Ibid.,78-80.

〔10〕Ibid.,153;Stephen Halliday,The,43.

〔11〕在描述马克思和恩格斯的1845年曼彻斯特之旅时,马克思传记作家一般侧重讲二人在图书馆里研究经济学,却忽视了切身感受的曼彻斯特生活 对马克思的影响。这在部分上是因为恩格斯在多年后谈到这次曼彻斯特之行时,提到了他和马克思待在切特姆图书馆的时光。除此之外,再无其他关于他们这次旅程的记述。虽然并无信件表明他们有玛丽·白恩士陪同,但考虑到这是马克思第一次来到资本主义世界的中心城市,他们没有理由不让她来带他们看一看这座城市的工人阶级社区。马克思已经研究过众多经济学家的思想,却还未曾亲眼看到这些经济学家拥护的制度带来的社会苦难,很难想象他会错过这次难得的机会。回到布鲁塞尔后,马克思不再耐心于理论研究,对待其他社会主义者也变得更加强硬,这些都说明他在曼彻斯特定然不是仅仅待在舒适的图书馆 里看书。

〔12〕Engels,,36-37,40.

〔13〕Ibid.,58-59.

〔14〕Mayhew,,57-58.

〔15〕Robert Winder,,196-197.

〔16〕Engels,,40.

〔17〕Mayhew,,111,118.

〔18〕Ibid.,167,476.

〔19〕McLellan,,133;Hammen,,119.

〔20〕Marx and Engels,,40-41.

〔21〕Ibid.,41.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 26,315-317;Marx and Engels,,42-43.

〔23〕E.P.Thompson,,17-19.

〔24〕Cole and Postgate,,196.

〔25〕Ibid.,202-203,214.

〔26〕Ibid.,249,258;Francis Sheppard,,320-321.

〔27〕Cole and Postgate,,261-262.

〔28〕Thompson,,194,822.

〔29〕A.N.Wilson,,43;Kenneth Morgan,,84;Cole and Postgate,,280.

〔30〕Cole and Postgate,,286;Sheppard,,327.

〔31〕McLellan,,133.

〔32〕Marx and Engels,,44;McLellan,,133;Hammen,,120.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 5,41.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 38,527-528.

〔3〕Ibid.

〔4〕Ibid.,528.

〔5〕REM,223;Longuet,,121.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 38,528-529.

〔7〕McLellan,,133-134.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 5,xvi,24;McLellan,,135;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,103;Draper,,189.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 5,31.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 26,173 and Volume 5,44;Carver,,72.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 5,50.

〔12〕Ibid.,52.

〔13〕Ibid.,52,74-75.

〔14〕Ibid.,59.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 47,31.

〔16〕was not published in full until 1932 in Moscow. McLellan,Karl Marx,140-141.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 4,678-679,721(n);Longuet,,122-123;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,101.

〔18〕McLellan,,143;MECW,volume 38,39.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 38,573(n).

〔20〕Longuet,,124.

〔21〕MECW,Volume 38,533.

〔22〕McLellan,,143-144;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,108-109.

〔23〕Marx and Engels,,46.

〔24〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,109.

〔25〕Marx and Engels,,46.

〔26〕McLellan,,130.

〔27〕Annenkov,Extraordinary Decade,168-170;KMIR,12-14;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,117-118.

〔28〕McLellan,,159.

〔29〕MECW,Volume 6,35-41;McLellan,Karl Marx,146.

〔30〕Annenkov,Extraordinary Decade,171.

〔31〕Fejtö(ed.),,362-365,367.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 38,39;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,116-117.

〔33〕McLellan,Karl Marnx,147.

〔34〕MECW,Volume 38,530-531;Carver,,150-151.

〔35〕Blumenberg,IIlustrated,65;Hammen,,140-141.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 38,576(n).

〔37〕Ibid.,532.

〔38〕Ibid.,36-37.

〔39〕Ibid.,42-43.

〔40〕MECW,Volume 24,131;McLellan,,142;REM,223.

〔41〕KMIR,20;McLellan,,142.

〔42〕Mayer,,76.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 38,82,89.

〔44〕Ibid.,92.

〔45〕Longuet,,125-126;McLellan,,142;Peters,,69.

〔46〕MECW,Volume 38,51.

〔47〕Ibid.,105.

〔48〕MECW,Volume 38,95-97;Annenkov,Extraordinary Decade,171-172.

〔49〕MECW,Volume 38,101-102.

〔50〕Hammen,,145.

〔51〕MECW,Volume 6,176.

〔52〕McLellan,,148.

〔53〕MECW,Volume 38,591(n);McLellan,,152.

〔54〕McLellan,,157;Robert Payne,,131.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 38,149.

〔2〕Marx and Engels,,39-41;McLellan,,154,157.

〔3〕Marx and Engels,,40,47;McLellan,,156-157;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,Karl Marnx,111,122-124.

〔4〕Steams,1848,33.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 10,495.

〔6〕Whitridge,,26;Stearns,1848,34;Hamerow,,76-77.

〔7〕Hobsbawm,Age of Capital,43-44.

〔8〕不同的马克思传记著作对埃德加·马克思的出生日期记述不尽相同。特里尔的弗里德里希·艾伯特基金会研究中心认为埃德加出生在1847年2月3日。出生证上的名字是查理·路易·亨利·埃德加·马克思,不过家人都叫他埃德加或穆希。来源: ,Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Museum/Stu- dienzentrum,Trier;Omura,Fomicev,Hecker,and Kubo,Familie,447.

〔9〕Padover,,128;MECW,Volume 38,121.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 38,154.

〔11〕Ibid.,158.

〔12〕Ibid.,576(n).

〔13〕Ibid.,108.

〔14〕Ibid.,55,90.

〔15〕Ibid.,153.

〔16〕Ibid.,154.

〔17〕Ibid.,115,587(n).

〔18〕Ibid.,117.

〔19〕Ibid.,120,588(n).

〔20〕Ibid.,117.

〔21〕MECW,Volume 6,585 and Volume 38,587-588(n);Carr,,139;McLellan,Karl Marx,156-157.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 6,96-103,341-357.

〔23〕Ibid.,600.

〔24〕Boris Nicolaievsky,“Toward a History of the Communist League,1847- 1852,“241.

〔25〕Robert Payne,,18;Padover,,115;Robert Payne,,131;McLellan,,142-143.

〔26〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,133.

〔27〕MECW,Volume 38,588(n).

〔28〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,128-129;Hammen,,163;Longuet,,127-128.(Today the Café au Cygne is known as the Maison du Cygne.)

〔29〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,131-132;MECW,Volume 38,122-130.

〔30〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,129.

〔31〕MECW,Volume 38,141.

〔32〕Longuet,,128;Hammen,,190.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 38,122,143.

〔34〕McLellan,,163;Carr,,123,131.

〔35〕Carr,,146.

〔36〕Kenafick,Bakunin and Marx,41-42.

〔37〕Carr,,146.

〔38〕MECW,Volume 38,150-151.

〔39〕McLellan,,160-161.

〔40〕MECW,Volume 6,388-389.

〔41〕REM,153.

〔42〕这年秋天参加同盟大会时,马克思实际上是29岁。来源: KMIR,14.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 38,592;McLellan,,154-155;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,110-111.

〔44〕MECW,Volume 6,633-638.

〔45〕Ibid.,585.

〔46〕Ibid.,633.

〔47〕MECW,Volume 38,149.

〔1〕Tocqueville,Recollections,11-12.

〔2〕Giroud,,92-93;Peters,,73.

〔3〕Jenny Marx to Lina Schöler,Dec.17,1847,Moscow.

〔4〕Jenny Marx to Lina Schöler,mid-Jan.1848,Moscow.

〔5〕Giroud,,92-93.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 6,639.

〔7〕Giroud,,92-93.

〔8〕Jenny Marx to Lina Schöler,mid-Jan.1848,Moscow.

〔9〕McLellan,,162;MECW,Volume 26,523-524 and Volume 6,695-696(n).

〔10〕Roberts,,336.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 6,463,465 and Volume 26,523-524.

〔12〕MECW,Volume 26,523.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 38,152-154.

〔14〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,136;Raddatz,,80.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 6,698.

〔16〕Ibid.,698(n);Padover,,129.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 39,60;Padover,,129.

〔18〕MECW,Volume 6,481.

〔19〕Ibid.,487-488.

〔20〕Ibid.,489.

〔21〕Ibid.,496.

〔22〕Ibid.,500.

〔23〕Ibid.,502.

〔24〕Ibid.,506.

〔25〕Ibid.,519.

〔1〕Hamerow,,87.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 6,559;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,141-142.

〔3〕Wilson,Victorians,127.

〔4〕Hobsbawm,,14.

〔5〕Fejto(ed.),,60-63,65-66;Whitridge,,246-247.

〔6〕Fejtö(ed.),,66.

〔7〕Whitridge,,115-116;Stearns,1848,123;Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,55.

〔8〕Steams,1848,53;Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,56.

〔9〕Fejto(ed.),,116-118;Whitridge,,140- 141,146-147;Steams,1848,123,125;Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,57,60.

〔10〕Steams,57,124;Whitridge,,147.

〔11〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,141.

〔12〕John J.Baughman,“The French Banquet Campaign of 1847-48,”1;MECW,Volume 6,375;Steams,,6;Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,32.

〔13〕Pawel,,17.

〔14〕Stearns,1848,71;Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,32.

〔15〕Baughman,“The French Banquet Campaign of 1847-48,“2-3,6-9; MECW,Vol-ume 6,393.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 6,375.

〔17〕Baughman,“The French Banquet Campaign of 1847-48,“32;Whitridge ,29.

〔18〕Baughman,“The French Banquet Campaign of 1847-48,“14;Stearns,,72.

〔19〕Steams,1848,73;Whitridge,Men in Cnisis,27,31,32.

〔20〕Stearns,1848,73.

〔21〕Ibid.,73-74;Hamerow,,97;Whitridge,,36.

〔22〕Tocqueville,Recollections,11-12.

〔23〕Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,164.

〔24〕A.J.P.Taylor,,6; Andrew Jackson Donelson,“The American Minister in Berlin on the Revolution of March,1848,“357;Hamerow,,98.

〔25〕Longuet,,131;Somerhausen,,236.

〔26〕Hammen,,193.

〔27〕MECW,Volume 38,82.

〔28〕Hammen,,193.

〔29〕MECW,Volume 6,643.

〔30〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,138-139.

〔31〕Fejtö(ed.),,163.

〔32〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,143.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 6,567;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,143.

〔34〕Hammen,,196.

〔35〕MECW,Volume 6,559 and Volume 24,136-137;Hammen,,196-197.

〔36〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,143;MECW,Volume

24,137.

〔37〕MECW,Volume 6,568,581.

〔38〕Ibid.,560 and Volume 24,137.

〔39〕MECW,volume 6,560.

〔40〕KMIR,20.

〔41〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,143;McLellan,,177;Somerhausen,,217.

〔42〕KMIR,20.

〔43〕Somerhausen,,237,245.

〔44〕Peters,,74.

〔45〕McLellan,,177-178;Somerhausen,,245.

〔46〕MECW,Volume 6,651-652.

〔47〕Ibid.,649.

〔48〕Ibid.,650.

〔49〕Hammen,,198.

〔50〕Marx and Engels,,49;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,144.

〔51〕Somerhausen,,239.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 6,561-562,565;Somerhausen,,239-240;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,144.

〔53〕Somerhausen,,240;KMIR,20-21;MECW,Volume 6,561,565.

〔54〕KMIR,21;Somerhausen,,240-241.

〔55〕KMIR,21;Somerhausen,,241.

〔56〕KMIR,21.

〔57〕MECW,Volume 6,565;Somerhausen,,242.

〔58〕KMIR,21.

〔59〕MECW,Volume 6,565.

〔60〕Ibid.,562.

〔61〕Somerhausen,,242.

〔62〕KMIR,21.

〔63〕Peters,,76.

〔64〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,146.

〔65〕KMIR,21.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 4,82.

〔2〕KMIR,21.

〔3〕Peter Amann,“The Changing Outlines of 1848,“941;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,146;Padover,,133.

〔4〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,147;Carr,,149.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 38,169.

〔6〕Raddatz,Karl Marx,86.

〔7〕Steams,,77.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 7,513.

〔9〕Longuet,,136.

〔10〕Ibid.,135;McLellan,,179.

〔11〕Carr,,149.

〔12〕Hobsbawm,,26.

〔13〕Amann,“The Changing Outlines of 1848,“942.

〔14〕Stearns,,80.

〔15〕Ibid.,179-180.

〔16〕Thomas,Women Incendiaries,21,23.

〔17〕Steans,,83.

〔18〕Giroud,,98.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 21,61.

〔20〕Fejto(ed.),,7;Hamerow,,76-79,84.

〔21〕Sperber(ed.),,1800-1870,54;MECW,Volume 11,19-20.

〔22〕Sperber(ed.),,1800-1870,54,57.

〔23〕Schurz,,108-109.

〔24〕Stearns,1848,64;Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,29.

〔25〕Priscilla Robertson,“Students on the Barmicades:and Austria,1848,“375-376;Steams,,95-96.

〔26〕Hamerow,,99;Stearns,,96;Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),Revolurions in Europe,181.

〔27〕Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,186; Robertson,“Students on the Barricades,“376;Fejtō(eds.),,255.

〔28〕Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,62-63; Stearns,,129-130.

〔29〕Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,106.

〔30〕Schurz,Reminiscences,119;Donelson,“The American Minister in Berlin,“358;Steams,,146;Whitridge,Men in Crisis,218.

〔31〕Schurz,,119;Sperber(ed.),,1800-1870,59.

〔32〕Schurz,,119.

〔33〕Whitridge,,218.

〔34〕Donelson,“The American Minister in Berlin,“358;Steams,,147.

〔35〕Donelson,“The American Minister in Berlin,“360-361.

〔36〕Ibid.,360.

〔37〕Ibid.,360-361.

〔38〕Ibid.

〔39〕Schurz,Reminiscences,120-121;Donelson,“The American Minister in Berlin,“363.

〔40〕Schurz,,121.

〔41〕Donelson,“The American Minister in Berlin,“362.

〔42〕Ibid.,370-371.

〔43〕Offord,,39-40.

〔44〕Car,,150.

〔45〕Liebknecht,,63.

〔46〕Marx and Engels,Cologne Communist Trial,50;Amann,“Changing Outlines of ,“940.

〔47〕Carr,,151-152.

〔48〕REM,19;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,150-151;MECW,Vol-ume 26,324.

〔49〕MECW,Volume 6,657.

〔50〕and ,Letters to Americans,-1895,15.

〔51〕Stearns,,142;McLellan,,180;Nicolaievsky and

Maenchen-Helfen,,152-153.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 26,324;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,Karl Marx,152,155;Hammen,,214.

〔53〕McLellan,,181.

〔54〕MECW,Volume 7,3-7.

〔55〕McLellan,,181.

〔56〕MECW,Volume 6,558.

〔1〕Seigel,,173.

〔2〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,165;Sperber(ed.),,1800-1870,60 .

〔3〕McLellan,,182;Stearns,,145;Donelson,“The American Minister in Berlin,“365.

〔4〕Marx and Gottschalk’s final falling-out was over funding the remnants of Herwegh’s Legion,which Gottschalk favored but Marx did not.McLellan,,182-183;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,164,166-167;Hammen, ,222.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 26,122.

〔6〕申请恢复普鲁士国籍时,马克思开始说自己要在一家报纸做编辑,不过最后提交申请时,他改变了说法,只是简单地说: “经过近期这些事情,我回到了祖国,想和家人一起在科隆定居。”六天后的一份警方报告提到,马克思向官方说明自己要写一部经济学著作,打算靠写作和妻子的私人财产为生。负责的警官认为马克思“政治上不可靠”,没有马上处理他的申请。来源:MECW,Volume 7,537-538.

〔7〕Peters,,82-83;McLellan,,181.

〔8〕Hammen,,222.

〔9〕Luise Domemann,,103.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 26,127.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 7,69-70.

〔12〕MECW,Volume 26,127.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 7,15.

〔14〕Whitridge,,47,50;Stearns,,76.

〔15〕Whitridge,,50;Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),35.

〔16〕Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),Revolurions in Europe,35;Whitridge,,51.

〔17〕Whitridge,,52-53,71;Evans and von Strandmann (eds.),,36.

〔18〕Tocqueville,Recollections,95,102;Amann,“Changing Outlines of 1848,“946;Steams,,79;Whitridge,,66-67.

〔19〕Whitridge,,66-67.

〔20〕Evans and von Strandmann (eds.),,39;Stearns,,85.

〔21〕Tocqueville,,107.

〔22〕Ibid.130-132;Taylor,Struggle for Mastery in Europe,11;Amann,“A Journée in the Making:May 15,,“44,63-64;Stearns,,86.

〔23〕Whitridge,,66-67;Tocqueville,,130.

〔24〕Tocqueville,,133-134.

〔25〕Schurz,,129.

〔26〕Hamerow,,102-104,107;Steans,1848,41.

〔27〕Hobsbawm,,33.

〔28〕Fejtö(ed.),,231.

〔29〕Hamerow,,114.

〔30〕Ibid.,120-122;Breuilly,Austria,Prussia and ,42-43.

〔31〕Hamerow,,123-124.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 7,72.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 11,41-42;Breuilly,Austria,Prussia and Germany,42-43.

〔34〕Hammen,,223-224.

〔35〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,168.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 26,123.

〔37〕Blumenberg,Illustrated,86.

〔38〕MECW,Volume 7,45 and Volume 26,126.

〔1〕Tocqueville,,156.

〔2〕Ibid.,146.

〔3〕Stearns,,88.

〔4〕Fejtö(ed.),,90.

〔5〕Whitridge,,99.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 7,124-127;Stearns,,89;Whitridge,99.

〔7〕MECW,Volume 7,128;Whitridge,,98.

〔8〕Tocqueville,,154,175;MECW,Volume 7,138.

〔9〕Tocqueville,,162;Whitridge,,100.

〔10〕Tocqueville,,150-151.

〔11〕Stearns,,92;Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),,41;Whitridge,,101-102.

〔12〕Steams,,93;Evans and von Strandmann(eds.),Revolutions in Europe,43;Pawel,,53;Whitridge,,103.

〔13〕Evans and von Strandmann (eds.),,43;Whitridge,,103.

〔14〕MECW,Volume 7,128.

〔15〕Ibid.,130.

〔16〕Ibid.,144.

〔17〕Ibid.,146-147.

〔18〕Ibid.,147 and Volume 10,68.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 7,143.

〔20〕Ibid.,478 and Volume 26,126.

〔21〕MECW,Volume 26,126.

〔22〕McLellan,,183;Seigel,,199;REM,156.

〔23〕MECW,Volume 7,74,170,194 and Volume 11,36.

〔24〕MECW,Volume 7,176-179..

〔25〕Ibid.,186.

〔26〕Ibid.,554.

〔27〕Ibid.,208.

〔28〕Ibid.,383-384,407-408,581.

〔29〕Ibid.,448,452 and Volume 38,182.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 7,653(n);Hammen,,296;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,173.

〔31 〕Hammen,,296.

〔32〕Brophy,,216-217,224.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 7,582-583.

〔34〕Hammen,,297.

〔35〕MECW,Volume 7,574;Hammen,,298.

〔36〕Hammen,,299-300.

〔37〕MECW,Volume 7,584.

〔38〕Ibid.,442-443.

〔39〕Hammen,,287-289.

〔40〕Ibid.,304.

〔41〕Ibid.,304;Hamerow,,181.

〔42〕MECW,Volume 7,444,589.

〔43〕Ibid.,452.

〔44〕Ibid.,452-453.

〔45〕Hammen,,307.

〔46〕MECW,Volume 7,463;Hammen,,307-309;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,175.

〔47〕MECW,Volume 7,455,642(n);Hammen,,310;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,175.

〔48〕MECW,Volume 7,455-456,590.

〔49〕Ibid.,593.

〔50〕MECW,Volume 24,140.

〔51〕MECW,Volume 38,540-541.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 7,459-460,594.

〔53〕Ibid.,513-514.

〔54〕Ibid.,511.

〔55〕Ibid.,526,528-539.

〔56〕Ibid.,515.

〔57〕Ibid.,456.

〔58〕Hammen,,316.

〔59〕Brophy,,59.

〔60〕MECW,Volume 38,178.

〔61〕Domemann,,103-139.

〔62〕KMIR,16.

〔63〕马克思和燕妮的传记作家经常强调马克思和燕妮与斐迪南·冯·威斯特华伦的对立,不论是在政治上还是生活中,这应该是真的,而且对立应该还不少。不过,无论面对多少困难,燕妮一生从未放弃与哥哥和嫂子的亲情,她经常与他们通信,说说家常,感情上极为亲密。燕妮与贵族阶层成员通信时,经常使用这个阶层特有的礼貌语言,所以我们有时候很难判断她在言语间除了保持社交上的礼貌之外,是否还表达了真情实感。我相信在很多时候都是的:这些信表达了她对嫁给马克思后抛弃的原有生活和家庭的依恋和情感——并非她要放弃马克思,回到他们身边,她只是需要缓一口气,哪怕再简短,她也需要缓一缓,然后继续挣扎地生活。

〔64〕Ferdinand von Westphalen to Louise von Westphalen,June 10,1847,Hamburg.

〔65〕Ferdinand von Westphalen to Louise von Westphalen,Oct.23,1848,Hamburg.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 10,70.

〔2〕Stearns,,119-121;Hammen,327-328,330;MECW Volume 11,67;McLellan,,193.

〔3〕Stearns,,121;Hammen,,329,331;Breuilly,and ,49.

〔4〕MECW,Volume 9,453.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 7,477.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 11,67;Hammen,,340.

〔7〕MECW,Volume 8,36;Hammen,,342,345.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 8,36,41.

〔9〕Ibid.,46.

〔10〕Hammen,,347.

〔11〕马克思被传唤出庭,是由于黑克尔的起诉,后者已经从检察官升任检察长。事由是《新莱茵报》刊登的一份署名“黑克尔”的信件,这个黑克尔的身份设定是一名逃去纽约的共和主义者。普鲁士各报纸都进行了转载。检方控告马克思伪造信件,故意署名“黑克尔”,试图误导读者以为黑克尔检察长有共和主义倾向。马克思在11月14日出庭时,以为自己肯定会被逮捕。数百人聚集在法庭支持马克思,检方也许是担心引发社会动荡,并未将马克思下狱。 来源:MECW,Volume 7,485-487;Volume 8,495-496,501,503;Volume 38,180; McLellan,,195.

〔12〕MECW,Volume 8,504.

〔13〕Ibid.,82.

〔14〕MECW,Volume 38,179.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 8,135,588(n).

〔16〕MECW,Volume 38,190.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 8,312.

〔18〕Ibid.,314.

〔19〕Ibid.,316-317.

〔20〕Ibid.,320,322,517-518.

〔21〕Ibid.,323,335,338.

〔22〕Ibid.,338-339.

〔23〕Ibid.,520-521;McLellan,,199;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen- Helfen,,192;Steams,,183.

〔24〕MECW,Volume 8,527-528.

〔25〕MECW,Volume 9,487,492-493,496-497.

〔26〕Ferdinand von Westphalen to Louise von Westphalen,Feb.10,1849,Hamburg.

〔27〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,191.

〔28〕MECW,Volume 38,192-193 and Volume 47,613(n);McLellan,,201-202;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,191.

〔29〕MECW,Volume 38,193.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 11,80,83-85.

〔31〕McLellan,,203;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,195.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 38,196.

〔33〕McLellan,,202;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,181,193-194.

〔34〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,194.

〔35〕McLellan,,203.

〔36〕Hammen,,386.

〔37〕MECW,Volume 9,451,509;McLellan,,203.

〔38〕Carr,,186,190,193;McLellan,,203; Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,195;Sperber (ed.),,,65.

〔39〕Car,,166,194.

〔40〕MECW,Volume 9,447;Hammen,,391-392.

〔41〕Mayer,,13;Hammen,,393.

〔42〕MECW,Volume 9,449,508;Stearns,,191;Carver,,204;Ham-men,,392-393.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 9,449 and Volume 10,168,602-603;Carver,,204.

〔44〕MECW,Volume 9,514,524 and Volume 10,602-604.

〔45〕MECW,Volume 9,417.

〔46〕MECW,Volume 11,68.

〔47〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,197.

〔48〕McLellan,,203.

〔49〕MECW,Volume 9,418.

〔50〕Ibid.,453-454,467.

〔51〕McLellan,,204;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,197.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 26,128.

〔53〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,197.

〔54〕Giroud,,106.

〔55〕MECW,Volume 9,509;McLellan,,204.

〔56〕MECW,Volume,24,164.

〔57〕MECW,Volume 9,515;McLellan,,204.

〔58〕KMIR,21.

〔59〕McLellan,,205.

〔60〕KMIR,21;McLellan,,205;Carver,,205.

〔61〕MECW,Volume 11,86.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 11,103.

〔2〕Whitnidge,,92.

〔3〕W.H.C.Smith,,2.

〔4〕Whitridge,,88.

〔5〕W.H.C.Smith,Second Empire,2,7;Whitridge,,90.

〔6〕Whitridge,,93;Stearns,,216.

〔7〕Whitridge,,91,94.

〔8〕Ibid.,84,104,106.

〔9〕Ibid.,108.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 9,525 and Volume 38,200;McLellan,,205.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 7,150 and Volume 38,209.

〔12〕MECW,Volume 38,199.

〔13〕Stearns,,217.

〔14〕Whitridge,,179,181-182.

〔15〕Taylor,,30.

〔16〕Steams,,217.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 9,478.

〔18〕Tocqueville,,245-246,272-274.

〔19〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,203.

〔20〕MECW,Volume 38,546.

〔21〕Ibid.,546-548;Pawel,,46.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 38,202.

〔23〕Ibid.,201.

〔24〕Ibid.,200,207.

〔25〕KMIR,22.

〔26〕MECW,Volume 9,480-481.

〔27〕MECW,Volume 38,211.

〔28〕Ibid.,210-211,605(n)and Volume 9,526.

〔29〕MECW,Volume 38,208.

〔30〕Ibid.,209-210.

〔31〕Berlin,,119.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 38,205.

〔33〕Ibid.,209.

〔34〕Ibid.,207-208.

〔35〕McLellan,,206.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 38,204-205.

〔37〕Ibid.,212 and Volume 9,527.

〔38〕MECW,Volume 38,212-213,606.

〔39〕Ibid.,212.

〔40〕Ibid.,213.

〔41〕Ibid.,606(n).

〔42〕Ibid.,216.

〔43〕Pawel,,6-7,71-72.

〔44〕MECW,Volume 38,216.

〔45〕REM,225.

〔1〕Percy Bysshe Shelley,“Peter Bell the Third,",39.

〔2〕KMIR,22;MECW,Volume 38,607;Padover,Karl Marx,151;Gustav Mayer,“Letters of to Karl Blind,“154-155.

〔3〕Bemard Porter,,2-3.

〔4〕Ibid.,22.

〔5〕Daniel Pool,,30.

〔6〕Ibid.,30;Halliday,,79.

〔7〕Halliday,,133.

〔8〕Ibid.,135,204;Gilda O’Neill,,10.

〔9〕Halliday,,77.

〔10〕Porter,,20,25;to Louise von Westphalen,Jan.29,1858,Moscow.

〔11〕William C.Preston,,8;Donald J.Olsen,,12.

〔12〕Mayhew,,68-69,104.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 10,280-282.

〔14〕Ibid.,605-606.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 38,216.

〔16〕Liebknecht,,65,68-69.

〔17〕KMIR,4446;Liebknecht,,69;McLellan,,214.

〔18〕Porter,,28;Berlin,,137.

〔19〕Porter,,25-26.

〔20〕Liebknecht,,82.

〔21〕Berlin,,13.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 10,596.

〔23〕Ibid.,599 and Volume 38,231;McLellan,,214.

〔24〕MECW,Volume 10,623;McLellan,,214.

〔25〕MECW,Volume 38,213;Hammen,,403.

〔26〕REM,141.

〔27〕MECW,Volume 38,202-203.

〔28〕REM,142.

〔29〕Ibid.,143-144;Carver,,206;Hammen,,403.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 38,217,607(n);Tocqueville,,272-273.

〔31〕Winder,,179-181;KMIR,22;Olsen,,150.

〔32〕KMIR,22;Robert Payne,,227-228;Wilson,Victorians,141.

〔33〕KMIR,22.

〔34〕MECW,Volume 38,557-558.

〔35〕Ibid.,549-550.

〔36〕Ibid.,607(n).

〔37〕MECW,Volume 10,606.

〔38〕Tribune,December 1,1852.

〔39〕MECW,Volume 38,219.

〔40〕MECW,Volume 38,224-225,609(n).

〔41〕Evans and von Strandmann (eds.),,166.

〔42〕MECW,Volume 38,226-227.

〔43〕Ibid.,608(n).

〔44〕MECW,Volume 10,69,127,135.

〔45〕Mehring,,194.

〔46〕MECW,Volume 38,605(n);McLellan,,219.

〔47〕MECW,Volume 38,605(n).

〔48〕Ibid.,234.

〔49〕Ibid.,555.

〔50〕Ibid.,556-558.

〔51〕KMIR,23.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 10,281-285.

〔53〕Ibid.,375.

〔54〕MECW,Volume 38,610(n).

〔55〕MECW,Volume 10,370,681(n)

〔56〕Robert Payne,,103,107,109.

〔57〕MECW,Volume 38,237.

〔58〕MECW,Volume 10,378-386.

〔59〕Ibid.,381.

〔60〕Porter,,76,81.

〔61〕KMIR,17-18.

〔62〕MECW,Volume 38,607(n);McLellan,,213.

〔63〕MECW,Volume 1,674.

〔64〕MECW,Volume 38,557-558.

〔1〕to ,Aug.1850,Moscow.

〔2〕Marjorie Caygill,,29;Asa Briggs and John Callow,,50.

〔3〕Caygill,5-6.

〔4〕MECW,Volume 38,239-240.

〔5〕Mayer,,136;Raddatz,,139.

〔6〕Mayer,,137.

〔7〕Carver,,139.

〔8〕Mayer,,138;Carver,,139.

〔9〕KMIR,xvii.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 38,274.

〔11〕to ,Aug.1850,Moscow;KMIR,24.

〔12〕Ibid.,24.

〔13〕McLellan,,228.

〔14〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,156,205.

〔15〕KMIR,22.

〔16〕Marx and Engels,,23.

〔17〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,217;McLellan,,228.

〔18〕MECW,Volume 10,614-615.

〔19〕REM,292.

〔20〕Liebknecht,,106-107.

〔21〕Liebknecht,,104.

〔22〕Ibid.,106-107.

〔23〕McLellan,,229.

〔24〕Liebknecht,,106-107;MECW,Volume 38,618.

〔25〕McLellan,,229.

〔26〕Liebknecht,,106-107.

〔27〕MECW,Volume 10,625-626.

〔28〕Ibid.,626-627.

〔29〕Ibid.,628.

〔30〕Ibid.,629.

〔31〕Ibid.,483-484.

〔32〕Ibid.,625,633;Marx and Engels,,62-63.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 39,60 and Volume 10,627;Porter,,41.

〔34〕MECW,Volume 38,240-241.

〔35〕Ibid.,558-559.

〔36〕Ibid.,241.

〔37〕Ibid.,242.

〔38〕Ibid.,250 .

〔1〕Marx and Engels,,53.

〔2〕Wilson,Victorians,137-138,144;Cole and Postgate,,328,366;Judith Flanders,,290.

〔3〕Hobsbawm,,13;Roberts,,376.

〔4〕Hobsbawm,,4445;Sperber(ed.),,1800-1870,73.

〔5〕Sheppard,,98,101.

〔6〕Hobsbawm,,13;Hammen,The ,90.

〔7〕Hobsbawm,,49-50;Sheppard,,71-72.

〔8〕Hobsbawm,,51.

〔9〕Roberts,,329.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 39,21 and Volume 10,500-502.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 39,96 and Volume 10,502.

〔12〕REM,98;Liebknecht,,57.

〔13〕Berlin,,13.

〔14〕MECW,Volume 38,270.

〔15〕REM,185;Flanders,Victorian House,105-106;MECW,Volume 38,251.

〔16〕Mayer,,143,155,157;Grenfell Morton,,10;Wilson,Victorians,76;MECW,Volume 41,634(n); Carver,,149.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 38,250.

〔18〕Ibid.,252.

〔19〕Ibid.,257.

〔20〕Ibid.,297,561.

〔21〕MECW,Volume 10,535.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 38,257.

〔23〕Briggs and Callow,,43;Robert Payne,Karl Marnx,289;MECW,Volume 38,251,257,269.

〔24〕Liebknecht,,94.

〔25〕Briggs and Callow,,43.

〔26〕Liebknecht,,6.

〔27〕MECW,Volume 38,361.

〔28〕Liebknecht,,85.

〔29〕Ibid.,54.

〔30〕REM,163-164.

〔31〕Liebknecht,,116.

〔32〕Ibid.,117-118.

〔33〕Gustav Mayer,“Neue Beitrage zur Biographie von Karl Marx,“54-66.

〔34〕Paul Lafargue,,26.

〔35〕Liebknecht,,115.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 38,615(n)and Volume 39,158.

〔37〕Marx and Engels,,168.

〔38〕Liebknecht,,94.

〔39〕Marx and Engels,,190.

〔40〕MECW,Volume 38,286.

〔41〕Ibid.,287,289-291.

〔42〕Ibid.,325;MEGA,III,Band 4,85-86.

〔43〕Marx and Engels,,209;MECW,Volume 11 304-305.

〔44〕Porter,,33.

〔45〕Ibid.,86-87.

〔46〕Ibid.,48,57.

〔47〕MECW,Volume 38,355;Hamerow,,206;S perber(ed.),.,205;Marx and Engels,,19.

〔48〕MECW,Volume 38,338.

〔49〕Sperber(ed.),,,70.

〔50〕Marx and Engels,,20.

〔51〕Ibid.,272.

〔52〕Ibid.,19;MECW,Volume 38,626-627(n).

〔53〕Peters,,98;MECW,Volume 11,410 and Volume 38,183-184.

〔54〕KMIR,24.

〔55〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Laura Lafargue,Dec.24,1868,Moscow.

〔56〕Marx and Engels,,54-55,59;MECW,Volume 38,365 and Volume 11,399.

〔57〕MECW,Volume 38,355,359,366.

〔58〕马克思和恩格斯后来说,流亡者的这些臆想出来的阴谋活动反而使得政府有借口在德国对任何人实施逮捕,镇压本地运动,把伦敦这些悲惨的流亡者当作稻草人来恐吓德国中产阶级。来源:MECW,Volume 38,366,375;,215.

〔59〕MECW,Volume 38,369.

〔60〕Raddatz,,160.

〔61〕MECW,Volume 38,398.

〔62〕MECW,Volume 38,402-403.

〔63〕MECW,Volume38,432,629(n);Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,225.

〔64〕MECW,Volume 38,431-432,628-629(n).

〔65〕Ibid.,629(n);Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,225.

〔66〕MECW,Volume 38,409,627(n);Berlin,,145.

〔67〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,236.

〔68〕MECW,Volume 38,380;Berlin,,146,204;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,244.

〔69〕MECW,Volume 38,409.

〔70〕Ibid.,425.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 11,103-104.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 38,489.

〔3〕Ibid.,494.

〔4〕MECW,Volume 39,569.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 38,499-501.

〔6〕Schurz,,384-386;Porter,,108-109;Whitridge,,280.

〔7〕MECW,Volume 38,488,502,508.

〔8〕Ibid.,635(n);Steams,,221.

〔9〕E.B. Washbume,,Part I,35.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 38,635-636(n).

〔11〕Schurz,,398-400.

〔12〕MECW,Volume 38,508.

〔13〕Ibid.,519,636(n).

〔14〕Ibid.,635-636(n);Steams,,222.

〔15〕Draper,,409.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 38,563.

〔17〕KMIR,24.

〔18〕McLellan,,233.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 39,3.

〔20〕Ibid.,16.

〔21〕Ibid.,6.

〔22〕Ibid.,567.

〔23〕Ibid.,20-21.

〔24〕Ibid.,9.

〔25〕bid.,570.

〔26〕Ibid.,28.

〔27〕Draper,,386.

〔28〕REM,250-251;KMIR,24-25,99-100.

〔29〕Liebknecht,,97,151-152.

〔30〕Flanders,Victorian House,170-172;W.L.Bum,,17.

〔31〕MECW,Volume 38,637(n)and Volume 39,71,603(n).

〔32〕MECW,Volume 39,33.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 11,103-104,106.

〔34〕MECW,Volume 38,475,490-491 .

〔35〕MECW,Volume 39,50.

〔36〕Ibid.,59,606(n).

〔37〕bid.,59;Marx and Engels,,86.

〔38〕MECW,Volume 11,426-427 and Volume 39,59,624-625(n).

〔39〕MECW,Volume 39,78-79,81;KMIR,25.

〔40〕Halliday,,20.

〔41〕KMIR,25.

〔42〕MECW,Volume 39,85.

〔43〕Ibid.,84-85.

〔44〕Ibid.,85.

〔45〕Ibid.,216.

〔46〕Ibid.,93,101,611(n).

〔47〕Ibid.,98.

〔48〕Marx and Engels,,276.

〔49〕Laura Marx,writing for Edgar Marx,to ,May 19,1852,ISG.

〔50〕对于燕妮写这封信的时间节点,不同作家看法各异。根据发生的事件、 马克思一家经历悲惨境地时的通信内容、以及马克思的反应,我判断燕妮应该是这个时候写的这封信。来源:to ,undated,IISG.

〔51〕MECW,Volume 39,116-117.

〔52〕Ibid.,124.

〔53〕Ibid.,208.

〔54〕Ibid.,148.

〔55〕Ibid.,594(n),610(n).

〔56〕Ibid.,175.

〔57〕Ibid.,182.

〔58〕Ibid.,148-149.

〔59〕MECW,Volume 39,149 and Volume 38,323 and Volume 11,254.

〔60〕MECW,Volume 39,181-182.

〔61〕Liebknecht,,164;Raddatz,,176;Mayhew,,495.

〔62〕MECW,Volume 39,576-578.

〔63〕Marx and Engels,,60.

〔64〕MECW,Volume 39,144-145.

〔65〕Ibid.,134.

〔66〕Marx and Engels,,26.

〔67〕MECW,Volume 39,142.

〔68〕Marx and Engels,,60,114.

〔69〕Ibid.,25,66.

〔70〕Ibid.,25.

〔71〕MECW,Volume 38,521 and Volume 39,222-223,226,229-230,240,576-577,624-625(n);Marx and Engels,,87-88.

〔72〕Marx and Engels,,132.

〔73〕Ibid.,105;MECW,Volume 39,236.

〔74〕MECW,Volume 39,235,247;Marx and Engels,,106.

〔75〕Marx and Engels,,80-95,265-266.

〔76〕MECW,Volume 39,215,219.

〔77〕Raddatz,,114.

〔78〕MECW,Volume 39,241.

〔79〕Ibid.,221.

〔80〕Ibid.,216.

〔81〕Marx and Engels,,112.

〔82〕Marx and Engels,,29,55,112.

〔83〕MECW,Volume 39,577.

〔84〕Ibid.,247.

〔85〕Ibid.,232-233,242,255-256;Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,222.

〔86〕MECW,Volume 39,386.

〔87〕Ibid.,281.

〔88〕Ibid.,264;Mehring,,222.

〔89〕MECW,Volume 39,579.

〔90〕Ibid.,259.

〔91〕Ibid.,287,580,625(n).

〔92〕Ibid.,288.

〔93〕Mehring,,223.

〔1 〕Seigel,,274.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 39,386.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 11,621-625.

〔4〕MECW,Volume 39,272.

〔5〕Ibid.,283.

〔6〕Ibid.,273,275.

〔7〕KMIR,25;REM,230.

〔8〕Mayhew,,57,195-196,284.

〔9〕Mayhew,,478.

〔10〕Derek Hudson,Munby,,22.

〔11〕Liebknecht,,131,139.

〔12〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm von Florencourt,Aug.10,1855,Moscow.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 39,581.

〔14〕Preston,,8.

〔15〕Liebknecht,,52.

〔16〕Mayer,“Letters of to Karl Blind,“155.

〔17〕REM,251;Lafargue,,26.

〔18〕KMIR,60-61;Liebknecht,,126,128-129.

〔19〕KMIR,61-62.

〔20〕Ibid.,56-57.

〔21〕REM,251.

〔22〕Francis Wheen,,8.

〔23〕Mayer,“Neue Beitrage zur Biographie von ,“54-66;KMIR,34-36.

〔24〕MECW,Volume 39,315.

〔25〕Ibid.,293,309.

〔26〕Ibid.,308-309.

〔27〕“Aleph,",153-154.

〔28〕KMIR,101-102.

〔29〕(daughter)to Laura Lafargue,Dec.24,1868,Moscow.

〔30〕KMIR,25-26.

〔31〕MECW,Volume 39,406.

〔32〕Ibid.,406,453,454,458.

〔33〕Ibid.,453.

〔34〕Ibid.,589.

〔35〕Ibid.,405,646(n).

〔36〕Ibid.,502,506,511.

〔37〕Ibid.,481.

〔38〕Halliday,,73,143.

〔39〕MECW,Volume 39,483.

〔40〕Halliday,,77-78.

〔41〕MECW,Volume 39,457,462-463,465.

〔42〕Ibid.,464-465.

〔43〕Ibid.,408,423-426.

〔44〕Ibid.,427-428.

〔45〕Ibid.,434-436.

〔46〕Ibid.,443.

〔47〕Ibid.,436.

〔48〕Ibid.,448-449.

〔49〕Ibid.,421,472,477.

〔50〕Ibid.,455.

〔51〕Ibid.,485-486.

〔52〕Ibid.,428.

〔53〕Ibid.,421.

〔54〕Edgar Marx to Karl Marx,Mar.27,1854,IISG.

〔55〕MECW,Volume 39,467,469.

〔56〕Ibid.,483-484.

〔57〕Liebknecht,,145.

〔58〕KMIR,63-65.

〔59〕Laura Marx to Jenny Marx,Aug.1854,ISG.

〔60〕(daughter)to ,July 10,1854,Moscow;,191.

〔61〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Jenny Marx,July 24,1854,Moscow.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 39,544.

〔2〕Ibid.,509.

〔3〕Ibid.,505,658(n).

〔4〕Schurz,,393-395.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 39,296,299;Porter,,30.

〔6〕Liebknecht,,106-107.

〔7〕MECW,Volume 39,658;Liebknecht,,109.

〔8〕“Aleph,,271.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 39,505.

〔10〕Ibid.,524.

〔11〕Ibid.,522,524-525.

〔12〕Ibid.,526.

〔13〕Ibid.,528.

〔14〕Ibid.

〔15〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm von Florencourt,Aug.10,1855,Moscow.

〔16〕Ibid.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 39,529.

〔18〕Ibid.,530.

〔19〕KMIR,63.

〔20〕Halliday,,86.

〔21〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm von Florencourt,Aug.10,1855,Moscow.

〔22〕KMIR,85.

〔23〕Liebknecht,,133-134,179.

〔24〕Ibid.,133-134.

〔25〕MECW,Volume 39,533.

〔1〕William Shakespeare,,109.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 39,534,613(n).

〔3〕Ibid.,533,534,544.

〔4〕Gosudarstvennaia Obshchestvenno-Politicheskaia Biblioteka,Moscow.

〔5〕Jenny Marx to Ferdinand Lassalle,May 5,1861,Moscow.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 39,536.

〔7〕Ibid.,535.

〔8〕Ibid.,526.

〔9〕Ibid.,541.

〔10〕Ibid.,543;Briggs and Callow,,46.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 39,550;Briggs and Callow,,46.

〔12〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm von Florencourt,Aug.10,1855,Moscow.

〔13〕Jenny Marx to Louise von Westphalen,Jan.29,1858,Moscow.

〔14〕MECW,Volume 39,546.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 41,454.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 39,545.

〔17〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm von Florencourt,Sept.22,1855,Moscow.

〔18〕Hobsbawm,,99;Wilson,Victorians,186,199.

〔19〕Wilson,,178-179,183.

〔20〕Ibid.,173;Taylor,,49,52.

〔21〕Draper and Haberkerm,,Volume V,82.

〔22〕Offord,,45.

〔23〕在1848年后的一次事件中,沙皇下令逮捕了一个文学社团的49名成员。社团成员包括27岁的作家费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基。这一研究外国作家的社团同时也是一个社会主义组织。被捕成员被宣判将在1849年5月被处死。行刑日这一天,他们被押解到了刑场,陀思妥耶夫斯基和其他同伴已经等在这里。恐惧笼罩着他们,出乎意料的是,他们被赦免了死刑,改为流放西伯利亚。沙皇尼古拉冷酷地嘲弄了这些知识分子。很多知识分子被驱逐、鞭打、或吊死。 来源:Others he deported,lashed,or hanged.Fejtö(ed.),,397.

〔24〕Ibid.,395.

〔25〕MECW,Volume 39,534.

〔26〕Wilson,,179-180,193 .

〔27〕Ibid.,181,183,186.

〔28〕August Ludwig von Rochau coined the term “realpolitik"in 1853. Sperber(ed.),,,22;MECW,Volume 39,663-664;Porter ,122,165 .

〔29〕Taylor,,81.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 39,548-549.

〔31〕Ibid.,550.

〔32〕Ibid.,562.

〔33〕Ibid.,557,559-560.

〔34〕KMIR,26.

〔35〕Wilson,s,411.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 40,8.

〔37〕Ibid.,14.

〔38〕Jenny Marx to Ernestine Liebknecht,mid-July 1856,Moscow.

〔39〕MECW,Volume 40,33.

〔40〕Ibid.,41.

〔41〕Ibid.,33.

〔42〕MECW,Volume 40,33,44.

〔43〕Ibid.,45.

〔44〕Ibid.,46.

〔45〕Ibid.

〔46〕Ibid.,54.

〔47〕Ibid.,49-50.(English men had been clean-shaved but began growing beards in tribute to fighters in the Crimea after the war.)

〔48〕Ibid.,54-56.

〔49〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,mid-July 1856,Moscow.

〔50〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Mar.31,1876,Moscow.

〔51〕Jenny Marx to Ermestine Liebknecht,mid-July 1856,Moscow.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 40,59,63,588(n).

〔53〕Ibid.,63.

〔54〕Ibid.,61.

〔55〕Ibid.,66.

〔56〕Ibid.,64.

〔57〕Ibid.,67.

〔58〕Ibid.,67,71.

〔59〕Olsen,Growth of London,238.

〔60〕MECW,Volume 40,67,71.

〔61〕Briggs and Callow,,58,60;to Wilhelm von Florencourt,Oct.4,1856,Moscow.

〔62〕Edgar von Westphalen to Ferdinand von Westphalen,Aug.22,1856,Dessau.

〔63〕MECW,Volume 40,68.

〔64〕(daughter)to ,September 28,1856,ISG.

〔65〕MECW,Volume 40,68.

〔66〕Sheppard,,71-72;Hobsbawm,,49.

〔67〕Cole and Postgate,,348;Hobsbawm,,85.

〔68〕MECW,Volume 40,191.

〔69〕Ibid.,74.

〔70〕Ibid.,72.

〔71〕to Wilhelm von Florencourt,Oct.4,1856,Moscow.

〔72〕bid.;KMIR,26.

〔73〕to Wilhelm von Florencourt,Oct.4,1856,Moscow.

〔74〕KMIR,26.

〔75〕Flanders,House,lii.

〔76〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm von Florencourt,Oct.4,1856,Moscow.

〔77〕Briggs and Callow,,60.

〔78〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm von Florencourt,Oct.4,1856,Moscow.

〔79〕Ibid.

〔80〕Ibid.

〔81〕KMIR,26.

〔82〕Raddatz,,115.

〔83〕MECW,Volume 40,88.

〔84〕Ibid.,68,590(n).

〔85〕MECW,Volume 40,69;Pawel,,181.

〔86〕KMIR,26.

〔87〕MECW,Volume 40,87.

〔88〕美国《普特南氏月刊》稿酬丰厚,马克思和恩格斯曾打算与其建立稳定的合作关系。马克思曾在1856年在伦敦与弗莱里格拉特、《普特南氏月刊》的弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德、以及另外一名美国人共进晚餐。马克思描述说奥姆斯特德“安静而友善”,分别时还特意向马克思征稿。来源: MECW,Volume 40,68,71,88,111.

〔89〕Peters,,118.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 41,575.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 40,93-94.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 41,216.

〔4〕Carver,,140.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 40,96-97.

〔6〕Ibid.,132,563.

〔7〕Ibid.,111.

〔8〕Ibid.,564.

〔9〕这本百科全书在1858-1863年在纽约出版了16卷,参赛作品一般都 是匿名的。来源: Ibid.,122,125,599-600(n).

〔10〕Ibid.,124-125.

〔11〕Ibid.,565.

〔12〕Caygill,British Museum,12,15,29.

〔13〕Jenny Marx to Louise von Westphalen,Jan.19,1858,Moscow;KMIR,27.

〔14〕MECW,Volume 40,143,146.

〔15〕Ibid.,148.

〔16〕to Louise von Westphalen,Jan.19,1858,Moscow.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 40,191.

〔18〕Ibid.,197.

〔19〕Ibid.

〔20〕Ibid.,199.

〔21〕Ibid.,566.

〔22〕Ibid.,224,226,249.

〔23〕Ibid.,238.

〔24〕Ibid.,202,213.

〔25〕Ibid.,203-204.

〔26〕Ibid.,236.

〔27〕Ibid.,215.

〔28〕Ibid.,220.

〔29〕离婚获得批准后,财产的争夺仍在继续,直到拉萨尔通过并不完全合法的手段,得到哈茨费尔特公爵违法的证据,他威胁公爵如果不分割财产,就把证据公开。公爵权衡利弊之后,分给了公爵夫人和拉萨尔一生享用不尽的财产。来源: Raddatz,,167,171-172;Norman Davies,,837;MECW,Volume 40,23,583-584(n).

〔30〕MECW,Volume 40,23.

〔31〕Ibid.,270,286.

〔32〕Ibid.,255.

〔33〕Ibid.

〔34〕Ibid.,273.

〔35〕Jenny Marx to Louise von Westphalen,Jan.29,1858,Moscow.

〔36〕Wilson,s,260,263.

〔37〕Jenny Marx to Louise von Westphalen,Jan.29,1858,Moscow.

〔38〕MECW,Volume 41,571;Longuet,,201,204.

〔39〕Jenny Marx(daughter),May 1,1857,IISG.

〔40〕Jenny Marx to Berthe Markheim,July 6,1863,Moscow.

〔41〕MECW,Volume 40,295.

〔42〕MECW,Volume 40,286.

〔43〕Ibid.,295.

〔44〕Ibid.,295,297.

〔45〕Ibid.,304.

〔46〕Ibid.,569.

〔47〕Ibid.,374.

〔48〕Ibid.,309-310,312.

〔49〕Ibid.,311.

〔50〕Ibid.,312.

〔51〕lbid.,313.

〔52〕Ibid.,315-316.

〔53〕Ibid.,318.

〔54〕O’Neill,Good Old Days,10.

〔55〕MECW,Volume 40,328.

〔56〕Ibid.,328-331.

〔57〕Ibid.,332.

〔58〕Ibid.,333-334,347,350.

〔59〕Ibid.,335.

〔60〕Pamela Hom,Britain,125.

〔61〕MECW,Volume 40,339.

〔62〕Yvonne Kapp,,32;MECW,Volume 40,337.

〔63〕MECW,Volume 40,340.

〔64〕Ibid.,341.

〔65〕Ibid.,351.

〔66〕Ibid.,353-354.

〔67〕Ibid.,358.

〔68〕Ibid.,364.

〔69〕Ibid.,368.

〔70〕Ibid.,369.

〔71〕Ibid.,371.

〔72〕Ibid.,369.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 40,397.

〔2〕Ibid.,620(n).

〔3〕Breuilly,,63;MECW,Volume 40,620(n).

〔4〕Hamerow,,240.

〔5〕Taylor,,58.

〔6〕Breuilly,,63;MECW,Volume 41,617.

〔7〕Jenny Marx to Louise von Westphalen,Feb.10,1859,Moscow.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 40,389-390.

〔9〕Ibid.,400.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 40,547;KMIR,27.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 40,402,415.

〔12〕Ibid.,406,408.

〔13〕Ibid.,404.

〔14〕Ibid.,408.

〔15〕Ibid.,416.

〔16〕Ibid.,455.

〔17〕Ibid.,435.

〔18〕Ibid.,547.

〔19〕Ibid.,446-447,452.

〔20〕Ibid.,454.

〔21〕Ibid.,632-633(n).

〔22〕Ibid.,520.

〔23〕Ibid.,439.

〔24〕Ibid.

〔25〕Ibid.,462-463.

〔26〕Padover,,180;MECW,Volume 40,635(n).

〔27〕MECW,Volume 40,457.

〔28〕Ibid.,473.

〔29〕McLellan,,282,286-288.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 40,471,478.

〔31〕McLellan,,288.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 40,518.

〔33〕Ibid.,473.

〔34〕Ibid.

〔35〕Ibid.,479.

〔36〕Ibid.,572.

〔37〕Jbid.,472.

〔38〕Ibid.,484.

〔39〕Ibid.,501.

〔40〕Ibid.,489.

〔41〕Ibid.,490.

〔42〕Ibid.,491.

〔43〕Ibid.,493.

〔44〕Ibid.,575.

〔45〕Ibid.,498-499.

〔46〕Ibid.,511.

〔47〕Ibid.,532-533.

〔48〕Ibid.,496,508,548.

〔49〕Ibid.,548.

〔50〕Jenny Marx to Louise von Westphalen,Feb.10,1859,Moscow. 〔51〕MECW,Volume 40,569.

〔52〕Ibid.,466.

〔53〕Ibid.,572-573 and Volume 41,571.

〔54〕MECW,Volume 40,573-576.

〔55〕Ibid.,574.

〔56〕Wilson,s,225-226.

〔57〕MECW,Volume 40,551.

〔58〕MECW,Volume 41,232,246.

〔59〕Liebknecht,91.

〔60〕MECW,Volume 40,631;McLellan,,289.

〔61〕MECW,Volume 40,434.

〔62〕McLellan,,289.

〔63〕Ibid.,290;MECW,Volume 40,521.

〔64〕McLellan,,290.

〔65〕MECW,Volume 40,514,637-638(n);MECW,Volume 17,10-11.

〔66〕MECW,Volume 40,515.

〔67〕McLellan,,290.

〔68〕Ibid.,291.

〔69〕MECW,Volume 41,80-83.

〔70〕Ibid.,188,576.

〔71〕Ibid.,6.

〔72〕Ibid.,43 and Volume 17,28-29,41-43,46-48,89;McLellan,,290.

〔73〕McLellan,,290.

〔74〕MECW,Volume 41,6,69,261;Mehring,,288.

〔75〕MECW,Volume 41,9.

〔76〕Ibid.,13-14.

〔77〕Ibid.,22-23.

〔78〕Ibid.,24.

〔79〕Ibid.,572.

〔80〕Ibid.,114.

〔81〕Ibid.,28.

〔82〕MECW,Volume 17,12-13.

〔83〕MECW,Volume 41,29.

〔84〕MECW,Volume 17,14-15.

〔85〕MECW,Volume 41,75.

〔86〕MECW,Volume 17,259,279.

〔87〕MECW,Volume 41,33.

〔88〕Ibid.,94.

〔89〕Ibid.,56.

〔90〕Ibid.,114 .

〔91〕Ibid.,34,77.

〔92〕Ibid.,567.

〔93〕Ibid.,157;Offord,,50;Hobsbawm,,200.

〔94〕MECW,Volume 41,567.

〔95〕燕妮的父母在世时,威斯特华伦家曾投了一笔钱(有些钱还是燕妮给父亲做秘书挣的)给另一家作为投资。这一家后来破产了,威斯特华伦家直到1860年(马克思一家搬去格拉弗顿坊4年之后)才拿回这笔钱,燕妮分到16英镑。来源:MECW,Volume 39,526;Jenny Marx to Ferdinand and Louise von Westphalen,June 4,1860,Moscow.

〔96〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Oct.13,1863,Moscow.

〔97〕Jenny Marx to Ferdinand and Louise von Westphalen,June 4,1860,Moscow.

〔98〕Havelock Ellis;“Havelock Ellis on Eleanor Marx,",London,Sept.-Oct.1935.

〔99〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen.,244.

〔100〕MECW,Volume 41,116.

〔101〕Ibid.,120-121.

〔102〕Ibid.,121.

〔103〕Ibid.,129,609(n).

〔104〕Ibid.,167.

〔105〕Ibid.,175-176.

〔106〕Ibid.,177.

〔107〕Ibid.,568.

〔108〕Ibid.,179.

〔109〕Ibid.,190.

〔110〕Ibid.,191,198-199.

〔111〕Ibid,193.

〔112〕Ibid.,195.

〔113〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to ,Sept.17,1862,Moscow.

〔114〕MECW,Volume 41,197-198.

〔115〕Ibid.,202.

〔116〕Ibid.,198,205.

〔117〕Ibid.,212.

〔118〕Ibid.,207.

〔119〕Ibid.,208,211.

〔120〕Ibid.,214.

〔121〕Ibid.,216-217,573.

〔122〕MECW,Volume 41,216;Halliday,,8,9,14,16.

〔123〕MECW,Volume 41,573.

〔124〕Halliday,,8-9,58.

〔125〕MECW,Volume 41,216.

〔126〕Ibid.,573.

〔127〕Ibid.,220-221,224;Liebknecht,Karl Marx,180.

〔128〕MECW,Volume 41,222,231.

〔129〕MECW,Volume 17,26,50,69.

〔130〕MECW,Volume 41,227,234,239,327;McLellan,,292.

〔131〕MECW,Volume 41,327-328;McLellan,,292.

〔132〕MECW,Volume 17,26.

〔133〕REM,20;MECW,Volume 44,130.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 41,114.

〔2〕Ibid.,573;Jenny Marx to Antoinette Philips,early May 1861,Moscow.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 41,574.

〔4〕“Aleph,”,156.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 41,574.

〔6〕Ibid.,231,262.

〔7〕Ibid.,231.

〔8〕Ibid.,230,232.

〔9〕Ibid.,243.

〔10〕Ibid,252,257.

〔11〕Ibid.,263.

〔12〕Ibid.,247.

〔13〕Ibid.,617(n).

〔14〕Ibid.,252.

〔15〕Ibid.,261.

〔16〕Ibid.,264-265.

〔17〕REM,252-253;Chushichi Tsuzuki,,1855-1898,12.

〔18〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Jan.1,1898,Moscow;Jenny Marx to Louise von Westphalen,Feb.10,1859,Moscow.

〔19〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Jan.1,1898,Moscow.

〔20〕Jenny Marx to Louise von Westphalen,Feb.10,1859,Moscow;MECW,Volume 41,582.

〔21〕REM,252-253.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 41,572.

〔23〕Ibid.,258,261.

〔24〕Ibid.,264;Padover,,185.

〔25〕MECW,Volume 41,264.

〔26〕Ibid.,266.

〔27〕Ibid.,268.

〔28〕Ibid.,268-269.

〔29〕Padover,,186.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 41,503.

〔31〕Ibid.,576-578.

〔32〕Ibid.,576.

〔33〕Ibid.,577-578.

〔34〕Ibid.,269-271.

〔35〕Ozment,,165.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 41,269-271.

〔37〕Ibid.,273.

〔38〕Ibid.,578-579.

〔39〕Ibid.,278.

〔40〕Jenny Marx to Ferdinand Lassalle,first half of April 1861,Moscow.

〔41〕MECW,Volume 41,275.

〔42〕Ibid.,289.

〔43〕Ibid.,279.

〔44〕Ibid.,283.

〔45〕Ibid.,279.

〔46〕Ibid.,277.

〔47〕Jenoy Marx to Ferdinand Lassalle,May 5,1861,Moscow.

〔48〕Ibid.,MECW,Volume 41,277.

〔49〕MECW,Volume 41,283.

〔50〕Jenny Marx to Ferdinand Lassalle,May 5,1861,Moscow;Giroud,,164.

〔51〕MECW,Volume 41,337-338.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 41,411.

〔2〕Wilson,s,243-244;“Aleph,",162;Hudson,,111.

〔3〕“Aleph,",162.

〔4〕Edward Royle,,1790-1900,67.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 41,335-336;Hudson,,111-113.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 19,109.

〔7〕MECW,Volume 41,291.

〔8〕Ibid.,335-336.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 19,137-138;D.G.Wright,,,64.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 19,137-138.

〔11〕Hudson,,90,113.

〔12〕MECW,Volume 41,376,416.

〔13〕Ibid.,4 and Volume 19,10.

〔14〕MECW,Volume 41,414.

〔15〕bid.,633(n).

〔16〕bid.,344,347.

〔17〕Ibid.,402.

〔18〕Ibid.,341;Kapp,,Volume I,44.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 41,341.

〔20〕Ibid.,340-341.

〔21〕Ibid,343-344.

〔22〕Ibid.,344,354.

〔23〕Ibid.,344,369,376,388.

〔24〕Ibid.,354.

〔25〕Ibid.,365.

〔26〕Ibid.,379.

〔27〕Jenny Marx to Ferdinand Lassalle,May 5,1861,Moscow.

〔28〕MECW,Volume 41,380.

〔29〕Ibid.,383.

〔30〕Ibid.,389-390.

〔31〕Robert Payne,,334.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 41,389.

〔33〕Ibid.,390;Eduard Bernstein,My Years of Exile,158.

〔34〕MECW,Volume 41,389,399.

〔35〕Ibid.,389.

〔36〕Ibid.,390.

〔37〕Robert Payne,,335.

〔38〕MECW,Volume 41,399,403.

〔39〕Ibid.,392.

〔40〕Ibid.,401.

〔41〕Ibid.,402.

〔42〕Ibid.,401,406.

〔43〕Ibid.,405-406,409.

〔44〕Ibid.,411,419.

〔45〕Ibid.,411.

〔46〕Ibid.,415-416.

〔47〕bid.,417,425.

〔48〕Ibid.,414.

〔49〕Ibid.,427.

〔50〕Ibid.,582.

〔51〕Ibid.,429.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 19,250.

〔53〕MECW,Volume 41,421.

〔54〕Ibid.,436.

〔55〕Ibid.,433;Jenny Marx to Ernestine Liebknecht,Jan.16,1863,Moscow. 〔56〕to Emestine Liebknecht,Jan.16,1863,Moscow.

〔57〕MECW,Volume 41,433.

〔58〕to Emestine Liebknecht,Jan.16,1863,Moscow.

〔59〕MECW,Volume 41,441.

〔60〕Ibid.,442.

〔61〕Ibid.,443.

〔62〕Ibid.,444445.

〔63〕Ibid.,446-448,455.

〔64〕Ibid.,468.

〔65〕Ibid.,474,481.

〔66〕Ibid.,488.

〔67〕Ibid.,481.

〔68〕Ibid.,482,582.

〔69〕Ibid.,488;Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Oct.13,1863,Moscow.

〔70〕Jenny Marx to Karl Marx,early April 1862,Moscow.

〔71〕MECW,Volume 41,571.

〔72〕to Karl Marx,Aug.1863,Moscow.

〔73〕REM,272;Longuet,,204.

〔74〕MECW,Volume 41,571.

〔75〕Jenny Marx to ,early April 1862,Moscow.

〔76〕MECW,Volume 41,583;to Karl Marx,Aug.1863,Moscow.

〔77〕MECW,Volume 41,581.

〔78〕Ibid.,584-585,587.

〔79〕Ibid.,585.

〔80〕Ibid.,497,587.

〔81〕Ibid.,495.

〔82〕Ibid.,500.

〔83〕Ibid.,495.

〔84〕Ibid.,499.

〔85〕Ibid.,503.

〔86〕Jenny Marx to ,Jan.1864,Moscow.

〔87〕Ibid.

〔88〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Dec.10,1864,Moscow.

〔89〕Hudson,Munby,173.

〔90〕MECW,Volume 41,507,510.

〔91〕Ibid.,508,511.

〔92〕McLellan,Karl Marx,304;Padover,,192.

〔93〕Briggs and Callow,,62;Sheppard,,156.

〔94〕Padover,,193.

〔95〕McLellan,,325.

〔96〕Kapp,Eleanor,57;Briggs and Callow,,63.

〔97〕MECW,Volume 41,518,520,521,522.

〔98〕Ibid.,523.

〔99〕Ibid.,524.

〔100〕Ibid.,525.

〔101〕Ibid.,170-171.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 20,12.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 25,266.

〔3〕Sheppard,,118.

〔4〕直到1865年美国宪法第十三修正案通过,奴隶制才被完全禁止。

〔5〕Offord,,57-59;Hobsbawm,,223.

〔6〕企业和政府都给了劳工组织一些活动的空间。法律也已经修改,允许建立部分工会和举行罢工。但对工人阶级来说,这远远不够。来源:Sheppard,,118.

〔7〕MECW,Volume 41,534.

〔8〕暴力事件出现,俄国政府指派的官员受到暗杀袭击。结果,有工人受到处罚,甚至被处死。波兰人一直期待相对自由民主的法国和英国能够给予帮助,但他们的期待落空了。来源:Davies,Europe,828.

〔9〕McLellan,,340.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 41,546-547.

〔11〕很多学者认为,马克思试水股票市场可能另有目的,他可能想让姨夫相信自己在进行资本交易,而不是在研究资本。来源: MECW,Volume 41,543.

〔12〕to Ernestine Liebknecht,Dec.10,1864,Moscow.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 41,546.

〔14〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,July 16,1864,Moscow.

〔15〕Jenny Marx o Ferdinand von Westphalen,before May 29,1865,Moscow.

〔16〕to and daughters,1864,Moscow.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 41,552.

〔18〕bid.,556.

〔19〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Spring 1866,Moscow.

〔20〕MECW,Volume 41,553-554.

〔21〕Jenkins,18.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 41,555,558;McLellan,,327.

〔23〕MECW,Volume 43,88.

〔24〕Sperber (ed.),,1800-1870,73;Breuilly(ed.),,144,151.

〔25〕MECW,Volume 41,556.

〔26〕Ibid.,560.

〔27〕MECW,Volume 42,15-16.

〔28〕Hobsbawm,,49.

〔29〕McLellan,,341-342;Padover,,223;Hobsbawm,,136;Sheppard,,336-337.

〔30〕Padover,,223.

〔31〕MECW,Volume 42,3-4,587-588(n).

〔32〕Ibid.,3-4.

〔33〕Ibid.,17-18.

〔34〕MECW,Volume 20,9-11.

〔35〕MECW,Volume 42,43-44.

〔36〕Raddatz,,123.

〔37〕Carr,,197,201.

〔38〕Ibid.,205,207,210.

〔39〕Ibid.,220.

〔40〕Ibid.,223.

〔41〕Ibid.,227.

〔42〕Ibid.,232-235.

〔43〕Ibid.,242.

〔44〕MECW,Volume 41,492.

〔45〕Carr,,305.

〔46〕Ibid.,308.

〔47〕Ibid.,287,295,299,301.

〔48〕MECW,Volume 42,18-19.

〔49〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,281.

〔50〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Dec.10,1864,Moscow.

〔51〕Pool,What Jane Austin Ate,53,78.

〔52〕Giroud,,177.

〔53〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Dec.10,1864,Moscow.

〔54〕MECW,Volume,20,19-20.

〔55〕MECW,Volume 42,86,161.

〔56〕The Times,London,Feb.6,1865.

〔57〕MECW,Volume 41,582.

〔58〕Eleanor Marx to Laura Marx,Dec.29,1868,Moscow.

〔59〕Emestine Liebknecht to Jenny Marx(daughter),late Dec.1865,IISG.

〔60〕Leslie Derfler,,49.

〔61〕Longuet,Karl Marx,217-218.

〔62〕Clemenceau became prime minister of France in 1906.Longuet,Karl Marx,218.

〔63〕Jacques Mace,,25.

〔64〕Derfler,,2.

〔65〕拉法格说自己曾在1865年受国际工人协会巴黎分部委托来伦敦送信。 不过,给拉法格写过传记的莱斯利·德夫勒对此表示怀疑,他怀疑拉法格在1866年是否待在伦敦,而且巴黎分部怎么会派一个新人去伦敦给中央委员会送信。来 源:Derfler,,33;Lafargue,,11;Macé, ,14-17.

〔66〕Mace,,16.

〔67〕Lafargue,,11.

〔68〕MECW,Volume 42,106.

〔69〕Lafargue,,11.

〔70〕bid.,13-14.

〔71〕Derfler,,34.

〔72〕Eleanor Marx to ,Feb.13,1865,Moscow.

〔73〕Eleanor Marx to ,Feb.1865,Moscow.

〔74〕MECW,Volume 42,129-130.

〔75〕国际工人协会中央委员会的名称在1866年改为总委员会。来源:MECW,Volume 42,140 and Volume 43,545.

〔76〕MECW,Volume 42,144.

〔77〕Ibid.,597(n).

〔78〕Ibid.,227.

〔79〕Ibid.,78.

〔80〕MECW,Volume 20,362.

〔81〕Longuet,,201.

〔82〕MECW,Volume 42,155.

〔83〕The Times,London,Apr.27,1865.

〔84〕MECW,Volume 42,150.

〔85〕MECW,Volume 20,99-100.

〔86〕MECW,Volume 42,414.

〔87〕Ibid.,150.

〔88〕Ibid.

〔89〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,before May 27,1865,Moscow.

〔90〕Jenny Marx to Ferdinand von Westphalen,before May 29,1865,Moscow;to Emestine Liebknecht,before May 27,1865,Moscow.

〔91〕Jenny Marx to Ferdinand von Westphalen,before May 29,1865,Moscow;Edgar von Westphalen to Ferdinand von Westphalen,May 26,1865,Dessau; Jenny Marx(daughter)to Emestine Liebknecht,Nov.10,1865,Moscow.

〔92〕Edgar von Westphalen to Ferdinand von Westphalen,May 26,1865,Dessau.

〔93〕Ferdinand von Westphalen to Edgar von Westphalen,Apr.9,1859,Dessau.

〔94〕Jenny Marx to Ferdinand von Westphalen,before May 29,1865,Moscow.

〔95〕MECW,Volume 42,160.

〔96〕Ibid.,159.

〔97〕Jenny Marx to ,May 20,1865,Moscow.

〔98〕MECW,Volume 42,172-174.

〔99〕bid.,177

〔100〕Ibid.,175.

〔101〕bid.,178.

〔102〕Ibid.,180.

〔103〕Ibid.,183-184.

〔104〕Ibid.,180,184,193,196.

〔105〕Ibid.,187-188.

〔106〕Ibid.,213,221.

〔107〕Hudson,Munby,216.

〔108〕MECW,Volume 42,228.

〔109〕Ibid.,223-224,228.

〔110〕Ibid.,227.

〔111〕Ibid.,249,573-574

〔112〕Ibid.,225-226,233.

〔113〕Ibid.,233-234.

〔114〕Ibid.,236,250.

〔115〕Ibid.,238.

〔1〕Germaine de Stael,,371.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 42,250;Longuet,,211.

〔3〕Pawel,,117-119.

〔4〕Macé,e,21;Derfiler,,25.

〔5〕Derfler,,26.

〔6〕Macé,,25.

〔7〕Ibid.,26;,27.

〔8〕Derfler,,29.

〔9〕Macé,,27-28;Derfler,,30-31.

〔10〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Oct.14,1867,Moscow;Macé,,28;Derfler,,32;Porter,,35;Taylor,,101.

〔11〕Derfler,,34.

〔12〕Longuet,,220.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 20,339.

〔14〕MECW,Volume 42,243.

〔15〕Ibid.,243,250.

〔16〕Raddatz,,66.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 42,250-251.

〔18〕Ibid.,240;Olga Meier,Michèle Perrot,and Michel Trebitsch (eds.),The Daughters of Karl Marx,5.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 42,241.

〔20〕Ibid.,245-246.

〔21〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,5.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 42,246.

〔23〕Longuet,,220.

〔24〕REM,82.

〔25〕Macé,,33.

〔26〕MECW,Volume 42,249.

〔27〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Spring 1866,Moscow.

〔28〕Jenny Marx to Ferdinand von Westphalen,Aug.8,1865,Moscow.

〔29〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,6-7.

〔30〕Ibid.,8.

〔31〕MECW,Volume 42,254.

〔32〕Ibid.,262.

〔33〕Ibid.,268;Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Spring 1866,Moscow.

〔34〕D.G.Williamson,10,22-23;Breuilly,,,7;Sperber(ed.),,,85;MECW,Volume 42,288.

〔35〕Robert Payne,,390;Mayer,“Letters of Karl Marx to Karl Blind,“155.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 42,272-273.

〔37〕Ibid,273-274.

〔38〕Ibid.,274.

〔39〕Ibid.,287.

〔40〕MECW,Volume 20,411.

〔41〕MECW,Volume 42,303-304.

〔42〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Oct.14,1867,Moscow.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 42,306.

〔44〕Ibid.,307-308.

〔45〕Ibid,308.

〔46〕Ibid.,308-309.

〔47〕Ibid.,309-310.

〔48〕Ibid.,310.

〔49〕Ibid.,313;Emile Bottigelli(ed.),,Karl Marx to Laura and Eleanor Marx,Aug.28,1866.

〔50〕MECW,Volume 42,313.

〔51〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Jenny Marx,Sept.2,1866,Moscow.

〔52〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Eleanor and Laura Marx,Sept.6,1866,Moscow;Eleanor Marx to Alice Liebknecht,Oct.14,1866,Moscow.

〔53〕Meier,Perot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,9.

〔54〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Oct.14,1867,Moscow.

〔55〕MECW,Volume 42,328.

〔56〕Ibid.,321.

〔57〕Ibid.,398.

〔58〕Ibid.,331.

〔59〕Ibid.,332.

〔60〕Ibid.

〔61〕Ibid.,576.

〔62〕Ibid.,343-344.

〔63〕Ibid.,383.

〔64〕Ibid.,350-351.

〔65〕Meier,Perot,and Trebitsch (eds.),Daughters,16;MECW,Volume 42,352.

〔66〕MECW,Volume 3,248.

〔1〕Honoré de Balzac,,40.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 42,362-364.

〔3〕Ibid.,357.

〔4〕Ibid.,358.

〔5〕Ibid.,366.

〔6〕Ibid.,371.

〔7〕Ibid.,369.

〔8〕Ibid.,360-361.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 42,371-372.

〔10〕Ibid,347-348.

〔11〕Ibid.,381-382.

〔12〕Ibid.,383,394.

〔13〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,17,19.

〔14〕Ibid.,16.

〔15〕Jenny Marx(daughter),undated Maitland Park,IISG.

〔16〕Jenny Marx(daughter)notebook,IISG;Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,16-17;MECW,Volume 42,369,649(n).

〔17〕MECW,Volume 42,396-397.

〔18〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Oct.14,1867,Moscow.

〔19〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to ,1867,Moscow.

〔20〕Ibid.

〔21〕REM,185.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 42,400.

〔23〕Ibid.,402-405.

〔24〕Ibid.,405.

〔25〕REM,26-27.

〔26〕MECW,Volume 42,405-406.

〔27〕Ibid.,431;Padover,,208.

〔28〕MECW,Volume 42,428.

〔29〕Ibid,451,462;Carver,,49-50.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 42,512.

〔31〕Ibid.,444,467.

〔32〕Ibid.,443.

〔33〕Ibid.,490.

〔34〕McLellan,,325.

〔35〕MECW,Volume 42,549.

〔36〕Ibid.,453.

〔37〕Ibid.,453-454.

〔38〕Ibid.,458.

〔39〕Ibid.,507.

〔40〕Davies,Europe,837.

〔41〕Berlin,,15.

〔42〕KMIR,145.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 35,739.

〔44〕Ibid,748.

〔45〕Ibid,47-48.

〔46〕Ibid,181-182.

〔47〕MECW,Volume 42,514.

〔48〕MECW,Volume 35,195.

〔49〕Ibid.,195.

〔50〕Ibid.,510.

〔51〕马克思与经济学家亚当·斯密看法不同,后者认为资本控制劳动。马 克思认为资本控制无偿劳动。来源:MECW,Volume 35,219,534.

〔52〕Ibid.,158-159.

〔53〕Ibid.,162-164.

〔54〕Ibid.,534.

〔55〕Ibid.,570-571.

〔56〕Ibid.,531.

〔57〕Ibid.,202.

〔58〕Ibid.,626.

〔59〕Berlin,,176.

〔60〕MECW,Volume 35,471,87,183.

〔61〕bid.,241.

〔62〕Ibid.,271.

〔63〕Ibid.,336.

〔64〕Ibid.,306-307.

〔65〕Ibid.,750.

〔66〕Ibid.,751.

〔67〕MECW,Volume 42,578-579.

〔1〕Lafargue,,14.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 42,519.

〔3〕Ibid.,535.

〔4〕Ibid.,538.

〔5〕Ibid.,517.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 43,25.(By way of comparison,Charles Dickens earned £33,000 in 1868 alone.Hobsbawm,,332.)

〔7〕MECW,Volume 42,579.

〔8〕Jenny Marx to Emestine Liebknecht,Oct.14,1867,Moscow.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 42,529.

〔10〕Padover,,195.

〔11〕Morton,Home Rule,1,3,5;Wilson,s,77,79,80,83;Hobsbawm,,201-202.

〔12〕MECW,Volume 21,190,192 and Volume 42,486.

〔13〕Paul Rose,The Manchester Martyrs,16.

〔14〕bid.,13.

〔15〕Ibid.,17-19.

〔16〕Jenkins,Engels in Manchester,18;REM,88.

〔17〕Rose,Manchester Martyrs,28;Annie Besant,,73-74.

〔18〕Mayer,Friedrich Engels,202;REM,88;Rose,,75.

〔19〕Rose,Manchester Martyrs,38,42;Besant,,75.

〔20〕MECW,Volume 42,501.

〔21〕Ibid.,483.

〔22〕Ibid.,431.

〔23〕Ibid.,444.

〔24〕Rose,,46;Besant,,75-76.

〔25〕Rose,,67.

〔26〕MECW,Volume 42,460 and Volume 21,121.

〔27〕Rose,,70.

〔28〕Ibid.,11;MECW,Volume 42,484;Morton,,19.

〔29〕Morton,,19.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 42,474.

〔31〕O’Neill,Good Old Days,225;Winder,,205.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 42,505-506.

〔33〕Ibid.,479.

〔34〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,42-43.

〔35〕MECW,Volume 42,483,492,666(n).

〔36〕Ibid.,501-502.

〔37〕Ibid.,503.

〔38〕Ibid.,542,553.

〔39〕Flanders,House,197;MECW,Volume 42,72.

〔40〕MECW,Volume 42,538.

〔41〕Ibid.,542,548.

〔42〕MECW,Volume 42,551.

〔43〕Ibid.,554.

〔44〕FE-PL,Volume I,20.

〔45〕Ibid.,22,23.

〔46〕MECW,Volume 42,316.

〔47〕Ibid.,547,556,557.

〔48〕Padover,,284.

〔49〕Derfier,,58.

〔5 0〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,32.

〔51〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Laura Lafargue,Apr.7,1868,Moscow.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 43,9-10.

〔53〕Ibid.,25.

〔54〕Ibid.,28.

〔55〕Eleanor Marx,notebook,IISG.

〔56〕Eleanor Marx to Lion Philips,undated(1863),Moscow.

〔57〕MECW,Volume 42,513,525.

〔58〕Lafargue,,29.

〔59〕O’Neill,Good Old Days,225;Wilson,s,338.

〔60〕Eleanor Marx to Lizzy Burns,Feb.14,1868,Moscow.

〔61〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Eleanor Marx,June 1868,Moscow.

〔62〕MECW,Volume 43,44.

〔63〕Ibid.,50.

〔64〕Ibid.,75.

〔65〕Ibid.,72.

〔66〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Laura Lafargue,Dec.24,1868;MECW,Volume 43,171.

〔67〕MECW,Volume 43,171.

〔68〕Ibid.,213.

〔69〕Ibid.,199.

〔70〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Laura Lafargue,Jan.7,1869,Moscow.

〔71〕Ibid.

〔72〕MECW,Volume 43,594(n).

〔73〕Ibid.,130-131.

〔74〕Ibid.,169-170.

〔75〕Ibid.,214.

〔76〕Olsen,Growth of London,237;Cole and Postgate,British ,354.

〔77〕MECW,Volume 43,171-172.

〔1〕Charles Proles,,92.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 20,478(n);Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,283-284.

〔3〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,285.

〔4〕Ibid.,286.

〔5〕Mehring,,394.

〔6〕McLellan,,360;MECW,Volume 44,291.

〔7〕MECW,Volume 43,8.

〔8〕Mehring,,392.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 42,515,520,669(n);Mehring,,393.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 42,520.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 43,173-174.

〔12〕Derfler,,61.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 43,155.

〔14〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,33-34.

〔15〕Laura Lafargue to ,Nov.2,1868,Moscow.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 42,178.

〔17〕Derfler,,61.

〔18〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,38.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 43,216.

〔20〕Ibid.,243.

〔21〕Ibid.,216.

〔22〕Ibid.,225.

〔23〕Ibid.,229.

〔24〕Ibid.,214.

〔25〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,37 .

〔26〕MECW,Volume 43,217,608(n).

〔27〕Ibid.,287-288.

〔28〕Ibid.,290.

〔29〕Derfler,,66.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 43,243.

〔31〕Ibid.

〔32〕Thomas,Women Incendiaries,34.

〔33〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,63;Thomas,,28.

〔34〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,70.

〔35〕Thomas,,27.

〔36〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,37.

〔37〕Ibid.,46.

〔38〕MECW,Volume 43,262.

〔39〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,38.

〔40〕,London,No.6,June 1868,317.

〔41〕,and ,,186-187.

〔42〕MECW,Volume 43,410,528.

〔43〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,40.

〔44〕MECW,Volume 43,270.

〔45〕Ibid.,275.

〔46〕(daughter)to Jenny Marx,May 1869,Moscow;MECW,Volume 21,48,466(n).

〔47〕MECW,Volume 43,297;618-619(n).(The upper ten thousand referred to the aristocracy and the literary and political classes.Wilson,s,274.)

〔48〕MECW,Volume 43,310,623(n).

〔49〕Ibid.,620(n).

〔50〕马克思和小燕妮在9月一起去了德国,在10月12日之前返回。他们在汉诺威与库格曼一家待在一起,马克思见了政治伙伴。来源: MECW,Volume 43,353.

〔51〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,49;Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Mar.15,1898,Moscow.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 43,295,308.

〔53〕Ibid.,303.

〔54〕Jenkins,,10;REM,186.

〔55〕MECW,Volume 43,299.

〔56〕Carver,,141;Hunt,,240.

〔57〕MECW,Volume 43,302-303.

〔58〕MECW,Volume 43,311;Mayer,,253.

〔59〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,51-52;Eleanor Marx to Jenny Marx(daughter),July 1969,Moscow.

〔60〕MECW,Volume 43,356-357.

〔61〕Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa,,8-9,30.

〔62〕MECW,Volume 21,101.

〔63〕Bert Andreas(ed.),,131.

〔64〕MECW,Volume 43,546.

〔65〕Ibid.,366.

〔66〕Ibid.,365.

〔67〕Morton,,13.

〔68〕O’Donovan Rossa,,214.

〔69〕MECW,Volume 43,387.

〔70〕Andreas,,205.

〔71〕MECW,Volume 43,449.

〔72〕Ibid.,640(n);Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,64(n).

〔73〕Derfler,,65;David Wetzel,,44.

〔74〕Washbume,,3.

〔75〕Derfler,,75.

〔76〕Washburne,,7.

〔77〕MECW,Volume 43,419;Thomas,,34.

〔78〕Thomas,,34.

〔79〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,60-61.

〔80〕MECW,Volume 43,314-316.

〔81〕Ibid.,644(n).

〔82〕Ibid.,431.

〔83〕Proles,,51.

〔84〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,65-66.

〔85〕MECW,Volume 43,440.

〔86〕Ibid.,646(n).

〔87〕MECW,Volume 21,101-102.

〔88〕MECW,Volume 43,444445.

〔89〕Charles Habeneck to Jenny Marx(daughter),1870,Moscow.

〔90〕Jennychen published eight articles in La Marseillaise from March 1 to April 24,1870.MECW,Volume 21,414-416 and Volume 43,646(n).

〔91〕O’Donovan Rossa,My Years,98;MECW,Volume 21,417-418.

〔92〕MECW,Volume 43,497;Marx,Marx,and Engels,,192.

〔93〕O’Donovan Rossa,My Years,198;MECW,Volume 21,417-418.

〔94〕MECW,Volume 43,454-455.

〔95〕MECW,Volume 21,420.

〔96〕MECW,Volume 43,458.

〔97〕Ibid.,461,649(n);O’Donovan Rossa,,218.

〔98〕MECW,Volume 43,461.

〔99〕Ibid.,458.

〔100〕Ibid.,466.

〔101〕Ibid.,423,559.

〔102〕Ibid.,559.

〔103〕拿破仑三世通过模糊的措辞,使得反对加强皇权的选票同时也反对立法议员要求的民主改革,而支持授予他更多权力的选票则能让他的统治更加合法,让他日渐衰弱的根基得到强化。来源: Washburne,,26; MECW,Volume 43,653(n),656(n).

〔104〕MECW,Volume 22,3 and Volume 43,522.

〔105〕MECW,Volume 43,656(n).

〔106〕Ibid.,444.

〔107〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,65.

〔108〕MECW,Volume 43,446.

〔109〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,66.

〔110〕MECW,Volume 43,486.

〔111〕Ibid.,556-557.

〔112〕Derfler,,62.

〔113〕MECW,Volume 43,497.

〔114〕Andreas,,217.

〔115〕MECW,Volume 43,504-505.

〔116〕Proles,,52.

〔117〕MECW,Volume 44,558.

〔118〕MECW,Volume 43,495.

〔119〕Ibid.,442,514.

〔120〕Jenny Marx to Friedrich Engels,July 12,1870,Moscow.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 49,35.

〔2〕Washbume,,26;Wetzel,Duel of Giants,31,37-38,96,110;Taylor,,203-204;Ozment,Mighty Fortress,210.

〔3〕Washbume,,33-34.

〔4〕Ibid.,55.

〔5〕Andreas,Briefe und Dokumente,224.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 44,591(n).

〔7〕The Social Democratic Workers’Party was formed in August 1869 after breaking away from the General Union.Williamson,,48.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 44,3-4.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 22,4.

〔10〕Ibid.,6.

〔11〕Ibid.,3-7.

〔12〕MECW,Volume 44,40,598(n).

〔13〕Ibid.,7,35,593(n).

〔14〕Ibid.,32,58.

〔15〕小燕妮说自己称呼恩格斯“将军”是因为他的军事文章极为精彩,也因为《费加罗报》用到这个词的时候,好像就是在特指某个人。来源: Andreas,,229.

〔16〕Washbune,,54-55.

〔17〕Ibid.,59-60.

〔18〕MECW,Volume 44,64-65,71.

〔19〕Prosper Lissagaray,,1.

〔20〕Washbume,,65.

〔21〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,69,72,74-75,77.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 44,59.

〔23〕Ibid.,65.

〔24〕Washbune,,100.

〔25〕Ibid.,105-106;W.H.C.Smith,,56-57.

〔26〕Washbume,,108.

〔27〕Ibid.,111.

〔28〕Ibid.,126.

〔29〕Ibid.,131.

〔30〕Ibid.,109.

〔31〕Ibid.,131.

〔32〕Charles Longuet to Karl Marx,Sept.5,1870,Moscow.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 44,64-65.

〔34〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,78-79.

〔35〕Washbume,,140-141.

〔36〕Ibid.,133.

〔37〕MECW,Volume 44,560.

〔38〕Robert Gildea,,3.

〔39〕Lissagaray,,20;W.H.C.Smith,,57.

〔40〕Lissagaray,,21.

〔41〕Washburne,,208-209;Lissagaray,,22.

〔42〕Washbume,,210;Lissagaray,,23.

〔43〕Washbume,,212;Lissagaray,,25.

〔44〕Lissagaray,,32.

〔45〕Washbume,,201.

〔46〕REM,186.

〔47〕MECW,Volume 42,530;Thomas,,72-74;Car,,446.

〔48〕Lafargue,,17.

〔49〕MECW,Volume 44,105.

〔50〕Marx,Marx,and Engels,,171;MECW,Volume 43,548.

〔51〕MECW,Volume 44,81,102.

〔52〕REM,90;Lafargue,,31.

〔53〕Andreas,,229.

〔54〕Paul Lafargue to ,late 1870,IISG.

〔55〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,80-82.

〔56〕Washbume,,175,267.

〔57〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,82.

〔58〕Washbune,,235,244,271,274.

〔59〕Lissagaray,,31.

〔60〕Washbume,,271.

〔61〕MECW,Volume 44,108.

〔62〕MECW,Volume 22,274 and Volume 44,595(n),606(n).

〔63〕MECW,Volume 44,97.

〔64〕Ibid.,95-96.

〔65〕O’Donovan Rossa,,227;(daughter)to Kugelmann,Jan.27,1871,Moscow.

〔66〕O’Donovan Rossa,,227.

〔67〕Ibid.,237-238.

〔68〕Washburme,,290.

〔69〕Alistair Home,The ,53.

〔70〕Lissagaray,,33.

〔71〕Williamson,,41,65;Taylor,Struggle for Mas- tery of Europe,210.

〔72〕Home,,59;Lissagaray,,34-35.

〔73〕Home,Terrible Year,60;Washbume,,320-321.

〔74〕Lissagaray,,26,36.

〔75〕Ibid.,36.

〔76〕Washburne,,323.

〔77〕Home,,61;Washbume,,324;Lissagaray,,37.

〔78〕Lissagaray,,38-39.

〔79〕Home,,61;Washbume,,325.

〔80〕Washburne,,327-328;Lissagaray,History of the Commune,41.

〔81〕Thomas,,50.

〔82〕Home,,66;Lissagaray,,56-57.

〔1〕Thomas,,128.

〔2〕Ibid.,51;Lissagaray,,66.

〔3〕Lissagaray,,70,77;Home,,72.

〔4〕Lissagaray,,207-209.

〔5〕Ibid.,72.

〔6〕Ibid.,72-73.

〔7〕Ibid.,74.

〔8〕Proles,,81.

〔9〕Lissagaray,,74.

〔10〕Thomas,,52;Lissagaray,,78-79.〔11〕MECW,Volume 22,323;Lissagaray,History of the Commume,80.

〔12〕Thomas,,54.

〔13〕Lissagaray,,81.

〔14〕Ibid.,84.

〔15〕Ibid.,128-129.

〔16〕W.H.C.Smith,Second Empire,63.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 22,157,288.

〔18〕Ibid.,289.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 44,130-131.

〔20〕Lissagaray,,164.

〔21〕Prolès,,85-87;Lissagaray,,166.

〔22〕Prolès,,87-90.

〔23〕Ibid.,90;MECW,Volume 22,326;Lissagaray,,166.

〔24〕Lissagaray,,167-168;Home,,95.

〔25〕Lissagaray,,169.

〔26〕Ibid.,185.

〔27〕Ibid.,191.

〔28〕Prolès,,91.

〔29〕The Daily Telegraph,London,April 5,1871,4.

〔30〕Jenny Marx to Kugelmann,May 12,1871,Moscow;MECW,Volume 22,326.

〔31〕Marx,Marx,and Engels,,192;Andreas,,xvii.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 44,129.

〔33〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,91-92.

〔34〕Ibid.,87.

〔35〕Ibid.,99.

〔36〕Ibid.,98-99.

〔37〕Marx,Marx,and Engels,,192.

〔38〕(daughter)to Laura Lafargue,Apr.18,1871,Moscow;Marx,Marx,and Engels,,192.

〔39〕Derfler,,99;Marx,Marx,and Engels,,192.

〔40〕Lissagaray,,273.

〔41〕Derfler,,103-106;Macé,,56-57.

〔42〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Karl and Jenny Marx,May 4,1871,Moscow; Jenny Marx to Kugelmann,May 12,1871,Moscow;Jenny Marx(daughter)to Friedrich Engels,May 9,1871,Moscow.

〔43〕Marx,Marx,and Engels,,173.

〔44〕MECW,Volume 44,131-132.

〔45〕Lissagaray,,295.

〔46〕Hone,,114-115;Lissagaray,,290-291;The Times,London,May 17,1871,5.

〔47〕Lissagaray,,306.

〔48〕Horne,,121;Thomas,,151; Lissagaray,,312,314.

〔49〕Horne,,121.

〔50〕Ibid.,112;Lissagaray,,298,314.

〔51〕Lissagaray,,300,324;Thomas,,x.

〔52〕Home,,139;Lissagaray,,329.

〔53〕Home,,133;,London,May 31,1871,9.

〔54〕,London,Apr.20,1872,20.

〔55〕Home,,129,131;,London,May 25,18 71,1;,London,May 26,1871,1;,May 29,1871,5.

〔56〕Thomas,,166.

〔57〕Lissagaray,,366.

〔58〕Ibid.,383.

〔59〕MECW,Volume 44,143.

〔60〕Ibid.,151.

〔61〕Horne,,126.

〔62〕MECW,Volume 44,151.

〔63〕Ibid.,153.

〔64〕Jenny Marx to ,undated(Spring 1871),Moscow.

〔65〕Ibid.

〔66〕Hone,,137;Lissagaray,,384 385,489.

〔67〕Lissagaray,,484.

〔68〕Ibid.,491.

〔69〕The ,London,May 31,1871,1.

〔70〕Ibid.

〔71〕Lissagaray,,390-391.

〔72〕,London,June 2,1871,5.

〔73〕Horne,Terrible Year,139;W.H.C.Smith,Second Empire,65; Lissagaray,,395.

〔74〕Lissagaray,,397.

〔75〕Hormne,,139;Lissagaray,,458-459.

〔76〕MECW,Volume 44,159;McLellan,,368;Berlin,,189.

〔77〕MECW,Volume 22,336.

〔78〕Ibid.,355.

〔79〕McLellan,,372.

〔80〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,333.

〔81〕,London,May 1871,2065.

〔82〕,June 3,1871,1.

〔83〕,June 5,1871,1.

〔84〕,London,June 23,1871,5.

〔85〕Lissagaray,,465.

〔86〕McLellan,,366.

〔87〕MECW,Volume 23,223.

〔88〕MECW,Volume 44,158,680(n).

〔89〕Ibid.,564;Derfler,,108.

〔90〕MECW,Volume 44,153-154,617(n);Derfler,108.

〔91〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Friedrich Engels,July 5,1871,ISG.

〔92〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to “doctor”[Ludwig Kugelmann],Oct.3,1871,Moscow.

〔93〕MECW,Volume 24,460-461;Derfler,109.

〔94〕Georg Eckert (ed.),,478.

〔95〕Derfler,,109.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 22,632.

〔2〕Eckert(ed.),,478;MECW,Volume 22,623.

〔3〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Friedrich Engeis,July 5,1871,IISG.

〔4〕Eckert (ed.),,478;MECW,Volume 22,623.

〔5〕Ibid.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 24,460-461.

〔7〕Eckert(ed.),,478-479,484;MECW Volume 22,623-625 and Volume 44,564.

〔8〕Eckert(ed.),,414.

〔9〕Ibid.,479-480;MECW,Volume 22,625.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 24,460-461.

〔11 〕Eckert (ed.),,480-482;MECW,Volume 22,625-627.

〔12〕Eckert(ed.),,482-483;MECW,Volume 22,628-629.

〔13〕McLellan,,373;Derfler,,113.

〔14〕Eckert(ed.),,483;MECW,Volume 22,630.

〔15〕Paul Lafargue to ,Apr.16,1871,ISG.

〔16〕Derfler,,113.

〔17〕W.H.C.Smith,Second Empire,70;3,1871,5.

〔18〕MECW,Volume 44,154.

〔19〕Porter,,217.

〔1〕Vladimir Lenin,,Volume 17,143.

〔2〕Lissagaray,,413-414,420-421;Home,,139.

〔3〕Derfler,,157,158;REM,29 .

〔4〕Lissagaray,,109.

〔5〕Longuet,,221.

〔6〕REM,162.

〔7〕Ibid.,82.

〔8〕KMIR,106.

〔9〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Kugelmann,Oct.6,1871,Moscow.

〔10〕KMIR,107.

〔11〕New York Herald,Aug.30,1871.

〔12〕Chicago Tribune,Dec.18,1871.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 22,600.

〔14〕KMIR,111;MECW,Volume 44,213.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 22,398.

〔16〕,London,Aug.19,1871,229 and Aug.26,1871,262; MECW,Volume 22,393.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 44,176-177.

〔18〕Ibid.,206-207.

〔19〕Ibid.,207.

〔20〕Bakunin’s group was called the Intermational Alliance of Socialist Democracy.Car,,345,352.

〔21〕Ibid.,396,404-407.

〔22〕Ibid.,446.

〔23〕Berlin,,190.

〔24〕REM,290;KMIR,103-105.

〔25〕REM,170-171.

〔26〕MECW,Volume 22,423-431.

〔27〕Ibid.,426-427.

〔28〕Jenny Marx (daughter)to “doctor”[Ludwig Kugelmann],Oct.3,1871,Moscow;Robert Payne,Karl Marx,429.

〔29〕MECW,Volume 44,186.

〔30〕MECW,Volume 22,633-634;McLellan,,377 .

〔31〕MECW,Volume 44,220.

〔32〕Ibid.,229.

〔33〕Ibid.,216.

〔34〕Ibid.,229.

〔35〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to “doctor”[Ludwig Kugelmann],Oct.3,1871,Moscow.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 44,617(n).

〔37〕Ibid.,228-229.

〔38〕REM,299.

〔39〕Hobsbawm,,308.

〔40〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to the Kugelmanns,Dec.21,1871,Moscow.

〔41〕MECW,Volume 44,562.

〔42〕MECW,Volume 23,635.

〔43〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to the Kugelmanns,Dec.21,1871,Moscow.

〔44〕FE-PL,Volume I,32.

〔45〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Charles Longuet,Friday evening(Feb.1872),Moscow.

〔46〕Charles Longuet to Jenny Marx(daughter),before Feb.15,1872,Moscow.

〔47〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Charles Longuet,Feb.17,1872,Moscow.

〔48〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht,May 26,1872,Moscow.

〔49〕FE-PL,Volume II,403-405;MECW,Volume 44,283;Derfler,,114-115.

〔50〕MECW,Volume 44,574.

〔51〕J.Roy to Charles Longuet,Jan.19,1872,Moscow.

〔52〕FE-PL,Volume I,46.

〔53〕KMIR,91.

〔54〕Longuet,,207.

〔55〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht,May 26,1872,Moscow.

〔56〕MECW,Volume 44,32.

〔57〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to the Kugelmanns,May 3,1872,Moscow.

〔58〕MECW,Volume 44,575.

〔59〕Eckert (ed.),,413-415.

〔60〕REM,250.

〔61〕Kapp,Eleanor Marx,Volume I,145.

〔62〕Ibid.,155-156.

〔63〕Ibid.,160.

〔64〕Jenny Marx (daughter)to the Kugelmanns,Dec.21,1871,Moscow.

〔65〕FE-PL,Volume I,46.

〔66〕Jenny Marx(daughter)to Kugelmann,Jan.22,1872,IISG;Derfler ,119.

〔67〕Macé,,63.

〔68〕MECW,Volume 44,581.

〔69〕Ibid.,327.

〔70〕Ibid.,347.

〔71〕Marx,Marx and Engels,,214-215.

〔72〕Ibid.,216-217.

〔73〕Derfler,,142.

〔74〕FE-PL,Volume Ⅲ,463.

〔75〕Derfler,,138.

〔76〕FE-PL,Volume Ⅲ,428-429.

〔77〕Derfier,,138-141.

〔78〕FE-PL,Volume Ⅲ,471.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 23,256.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 44,386,387.

〔3〕Ibid.,346-347.

〔4〕Ibid.,387.

〔5〕Ibid.,100,283,607(n).

〔6〕Ibid.,385.

〔7〕Ibid.,390.

〔8〕Ibid.,396.

〔9〕Offord,,68;Carr,,453.

〔10〕Offord,,76.

〔11〕Hobsbawm,,197.

〔12〕Ibid.,198.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 44,399.

〔14〕McLellan,,395.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 44,400.

〔16〕Hobsbawm,,308;MECW,Volume 44,438.

〔17〕McLellan,,394.

〔18〕MECW,Volume 44,385.

〔19〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht,May 26,1872,Moscow.

〔20〕Car,,375-376;Offord,,64.

〔21〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,347.

〔22〕Ibid.,349;MECW,Volume 43,595(n).

〔23〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen.350-351.

〔24〕Fyodor Dostoevsky incorporated this crime into his novel Demons.Offord,,64.

〔25〕MECW,Volume 44,398.

〔26〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,294.

〔27〕REM,163.

〔28〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,358.

〔29〕MECW,Volume 44,426.

〔30〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,359.

〔31〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,360;Padover,,244;REM,208.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 44,438-439.

〔33〕KMIR,90.

〔34〕Ibid.,91.

〔35〕Ibid.,113;FE-PL,Volume III,473.

〔36〕Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen,,360-361.

〔37〕Ibid 361;KMIR,159.

〔38〕MECW,Volume 44,516.

〔39〕REM,210.

〔40〕Bakunin’s most notable International follower,James Guillaume,was also expelled.MECW,Volume 23,249.

〔41〕Padover,,245.

〔42〕Ibid.,246;REM,212.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 23,254-256.

〔44〕Carr,,430.

〔45〕Ibid.,418.

〔46〕Offord,,65.

〔47〕Car,,325,353-354,372.

〔48〕Ibid.,456-457.

〔49〕Ibid.,459,461.

〔50〕Ibid.,408.

〔51〕Bakunin died in 1876.Car,,461,478.

〔52〕Jenny Marx-Charles Longuet Certificate of Mariage,Moscow.

〔53〕Jenny Longuet to the Kugelmanns,Dec.23,1872,Moscow.

〔54〕Jenny Longuet to ,Oct.30,1872,Moscow.

〔55〕Jenny Longuet to ,undated (likely Fall 1872),Moscow.

〔56〕MECW,Volume 44,450.

〔57〕Jenny Longuet to the Kugelmanns,Dec.23,1872,Moscow;Jenny Marx to Johann Philip Becker,Nov.7,1872,Moscow.

〔58〕MECW,Volume 44,455.

〔59〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,113-114.

〔60〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Mar.1873,Moscow.

〔61〕Macé,,68.

〔62〕MECW,Volume 44,457.

〔63〕Ibid.,472,517;Derfler,,153.

〔64〕MECW,Volume 44,527.

〔65〕Ibid.,544,676(n)and Volume 45,456;Jenny Marx to Madame Longuet Oct.1874,Moscow;McLellan,,389.

〔66〕MECW,Volume 45,468.

〔67〕Derfler,,154.

〔68〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht,July 1873,Moscow.

〔69〕Jenny Marx to Eleanor Marx,May 1873,Moscow;Marx,Marx,and Engels,,224-225.

〔70〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht,July 1873,Moscow.

〔71〕MECW,Volume 45,457(n),460(n)and Volume 44,607(n).

〔72〕REM,76;Berlin,,213.

〔73〕Jenny Longuet to ,Apr.24,1874,Moscow.

〔74〕REM,76.

〔75〕Jenny Marx to Eleanor Marx,May 1873,Moscow;Jenny Marx to Eleanor Marx,June 1873,Moscow.

〔76〕Jenny Marx to Eleanor Marx,May 1873,Moscow.

〔77〕Kapp,,Volume I,146.

〔78〕Eleanor Marx to ,May 3,1873,Moscow.

〔79〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht,July 1873,Moscow.

〔80〕Kapp,,Volume I,150.

〔81〕MECW,Volume 44,496.

〔82〕MECW,Volume 44,506.

〔83〕Jenny Marx to Eleanor Marx,June 1873,Moscow.

〔84〕Kapp,,Volume I,152.

〔85〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht,July 1873,Moscow.

〔86〕Charles Longuet to Jenny Longuet,Friday morning,undated,Moscow.

〔87〕Jenny Marx to Eleanor Marx,June 1873,Moscow.

〔88〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht,July 1873,Moscow.

〔89〕MECW,Volume 44,516.

〔90〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht,July 1873,Moscow.

〔91〕MECW,Volume 44,516.

〔92〕Ibid.,538.

〔93〕Ibid.,550.

〔94〕MECW,Volume 45,3.

〔95〕Walt Contreras Sheasby,“Marx at Karlsbad,“91-97.

〔96〕Taylor,,219;Hobsbawm,,201.

〔97〕In ,for example,Liebknecht and Bebel were sentenced to two years in prison in 1872 for their political activism and for belonging to the IWMA. MECW,Volume 45,466(n).

〔98〕Williamson,,48;Hobsbawm,,62.

〔99〕Offord,,77;MECW,Volume 45,461(n).

〔100〕MECW,Volume 45,33,35.

〔101〕MECW,Volume 24,564.

〔102〕Paul Lafargue to ,July 26,1874,IISG;Derfler,,155;FE-PL,Volume I,48-49.(Between 1874 and 1878 Lafargue wrote at least twenty-eight letters to Engels asking for money.)

〔103〕MECW,Volume 45,21-22;Briggs and Callow,,71;A.E.Laurence and A.N.Insole,,4.

〔104〕REM,254.

〔105〕KMIR,130.

〔106〕MECW,Volume 45,26,29.

〔107〕Ibid.,28.

〔108〕Ibid.,27.

〔109〕Ibid.

〔110〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Aug.1874,Moscow.

〔111〕MECW,Volume 45,36.

〔112〕Kapp,,Volume I,153-154.

〔113〕Jenny Marx to Madame Longuet,Oct.1874,Moscow.

〔114〕MECW,Volume 45,34.

〔115〕Ibid.,35.

〔116〕Sheasby,“Marx at Karlsbad,“91-97.

〔117〕Egon Erwin Kisch,ar ,5-46.

〔118〕MECW,Volume 45,37.

〔119〕KMIR,93.

〔120〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,118.

〔121〕MECW,Volume 45,37.

〔122〕REM,284-285;KMIR,91.

〔123〕to Jenny Longuet,Sept.5,1874,Moscow;MECW,Volume 45,46.

〔124〕MECW,Volume 45,52-53.

〔125〕KMIR,121.

〔126〕Ibid.,165.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 45,31.

〔2〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,mid-Aug.1874,Moscow;Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Aug.8,1874,Moscow;Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Aug.28,1874,Moscow.

〔3〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Aug.1874,Moscow.

〔4〕MECW,Volume 45,38.

〔5〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Aug.10,1874,Moscow;Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,mid-Aug.1874,Moscow.

〔6〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Aug.28,1874,Moscow.

〔7〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,mid-Aug.1874,Moscow.

〔8〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Sept.1,1874,Moscow.

〔9〕Jenny Marx to Madame Longuet,Oct.1874,Moscow.

〔10〕KMIR,130.

〔11〕Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht,May 26,1872,Moscow.

〔12〕MECW,Volume 45,446.

〔13〕Jenny Longuet to Madame Longuet,Dec.25,1874,Moscow.

〔14〕Longuet,,224.

〔15〕Jenny Longuet to Madame Longuet,Dec.25,1874,Moscow.

〔16〕Jenny Longuet to Madame Longuet,July 27[1875],Moscow.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 45,75;Jenny Marx to Madame Longuet,June 1875,Moscow.

〔18〕Jenny Marx to Madame Longuet,June 1875,Moscow;MECW,Volume 45,46

〔19〕Eckert(ed.),,414.

〔20〕Ibid.,421.

〔21〕Ralph Miliband and John Saville(eds.),,183-184.

〔22〕Gildea,,7-8.

〔23〕MECW,Volume 45,60-66.

〔24〕Ibid.,63.

〔25〕Ibid.,69.

〔26〕Ibid.,467(n).

〔27〕MECW,Volume 24,89-90.

〔28〕Ibid.,87.

〔29〕Ibid.,94-95.

〔30〕Ibid.,95.

〔31〕Ibid.,99.

〔32〕Padover,,219.

〔33〕John Macdonnell,““and German Socialism,“384.

〔34〕Jenny Marx to ,Sept.1875,Moscow.

〔35〕Jenny Longuet to ,Aug.1875,Moscow.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 45,84-85.

〔37〕Ibid.,82.

〔38〕Kisch,,20.

〔39〕KMIR,124-125.

〔40〕Blumenberg,,152.

〔41〕MECW,Volume 45,518.

〔42〕REM,298-299.

〔43〕Jenny Marx to Natalie Liebknecht,Jan.18,1876,Moscow.

〔44〕Jenny Longuet to Madame Longuet,Dec.31,1875,Moscow.

〔45〕MECW,Volume 45,96.

〔46〕Ibid.,56.

〔47〕REM,217;Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,Nov.28,1873,Moscow.

〔48〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Apr.5,1876,Moscow.

〔49〕MECW,Volume 45,120-121.

〔50〕Jenny Marx to Madame Longuet,June 1875,Moscow.

〔51〕Jenny Longuet to Madame Longuet,Dec.31,1875,Moscow.

〔52〕Jenny Marx to Natalie Liebknecht,Jan.18,1876,Moscow.

〔53〕MECW,Volume 45,135-137.

〔54〕MECW,Volume 45,143.

〔55〕MECW,Volume 45,149-150,152.

〔56〕Ibid.,444.

〔57〕Tsuzuki,,57;MECW,Volume 45,191,446;Hudson,Munby,123.

〔58〕MECW,Volume 45,191.

〔59〕Ibid.,446.

〔60〕McLellan,,407.

〔61〕MECW,Volume 45,122-123.

〔62〕MECW,Volume 25,27 and Volume 24,195.

〔63〕Draper and Haberkern,,Volume V,115.

〔64〕MECW,Volume 25,154.

〔65〕MECW,Volume 45,442.

〔1〕Madame de Stael,,304.

〔2〕Jenny Longuet to ,Sept.1,1874,Moscow;MECW,Volume 45,104,106.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 45,244.

〔4〕Ibid.,274.

〔5〕Ibid.,245.

〔6〕bid.,267-268.

〔7〕KMIR,98.

〔8〕Jenny Marx to Eleanor Marx,Nov.20,1877,Moscow.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 45,320.

〔10〕Ibid.,447.

〔11〕KMIR,162.

〔12〕Williamson,,55;Ozment,,219.

〔13〕Williamson,,58.

〔14〕MECW,Volume 45,312.

〔15〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Sept.1878,Moscow;Jenny Marx to Eleanor Marx,Aug.1878,Moscow.

〔16〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Sept.14,1878,Moscow.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 45,447.

〔18〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Sept.14,1878,Moscow.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 45,320;Hunt,,271.

〔20〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,mid-Sept.1878,Moscow.

〔21〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Sept.19,1878,Moscow.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 45,361-362.

〔23〕KMIR,128.

〔24〕MECW,Volume 45,343.

〔25〕Ibid.,354-356.

〔26〕Ibid.,369.

〔27〕Ibid.,371-372.

〔28〕Ibid.,376.

〔29〕Ibid.,373.

〔30〕Ibid.,388.

〔31〕MECW,Volume 24,669(n);KMIR,140.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 24,580-582;KMIR,140-142.

〔33〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Oct.24,1880,Moscow;Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Nov.17,1880,Moscow.

〔34〕Emest Belfort Bax,,70-71.

〔35〕KMIR,158-159

〔36〕Ibid.,151.

〔37〕Wilson,s,444.

〔38〕KMIR,144,150.

〔39〕MECW,Volume 46,102-103.

〔40〕Kapp,,Volume I,211.

〔41〕Jenny Marx to ,Aug.1878,Moscow.

〔42〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,late Sept.1880,Moscow.

〔43〕FE-PL,Volume I,63-64.

〔44〕MECW,Volume 46,32;Derfler,,154.

〔45〕Longuet,,228.

〔46〕MECW,Volume 46,95,101.

〔47〕MECW,Volume 45,390.

〔48〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Aug.1,1880,Moscow.

〔49〕MECW,Volume 46,22-23 and Volume 24,584-585.

〔50〕Derfler,,177,183.

〔51〕MECW,Volume 24,585.

〔52〕Charles Longuet to Jenny Longuet,Aug.24,1880,Moscow.

〔53〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Sept.29,1880,Moscow.

〔54〕Liebknecht,,114;Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Sept.29,1880,Moscow.

〔55〕Bemstein,of Exile,150.

〔56〕Bax,,48.

〔57〕Offord,,81-82;MECW,Volume 46,495(n).

〔58〕KMIR,150,160;MECW,Volume 46,95-96.

〔59〕Bemstein,,152-153,156-157.

〔1〕Domemann,Jenny Marx,318-326.

〔2〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Nov.22,1880,Moscow.

〔3〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Nov.10,1880,Moscow.

〔4〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,undated,Moscow;Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Nov.1880,Moscow.

〔5〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Nov.1880,Moscow.

〔6〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,undated,Moscow.

〔7〕Charles Longuet to Jenny Longuet,Nov.1880,Moscow.

〔8〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Sunday moning,Dec.1880,Moscow.

〔9〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Nov.10,1880,Moscow.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 46,61.

〔11〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Jan.1881,Moscow.

〔12〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Feb.1881,Moscow.

〔13〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Jan.13,1881,Moscow.

〔14〕The Longuets’house in Argenteuil was on the Boulevard Thiers,which was in later years renamed Boulevard .Longuet,,230.

〔15〕Jenny Longuet to Laura Lafargue,Apr.1881,Moscow.

〔16〕Jenny Longuet to Laura Lafargue,Apr.22,1881,Moscow.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 46,81.

〔18〕Ibid.,81-82.

〔19〕Kautsky’s Theories of Surplus Value was based on his edit of Marx’s material for Capital,Volume IV.Blumenberg,Illustrated,159.

〔20〕KMIR,154-155.

〔21〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,Nov.10,1880,Moscow;Bemstein,of Exile,158.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 46,82.

〔23〕Ibid.,83.

〔24〕Ibid,89.

〔25〕Ibid.,91.

〔26〕Ibid.,96.

〔27〕Ibid.,97.

〔28〕Ibid.,106.

〔29〕Ibid.,108.

〔30〕Jenny Longuet to Jenny Marx,July 1881,Moscow.

〔31〕MECW,Volume 46,107.

〔32〕Ibid.,109.

〔33〕Ibid.,110.

〔34〕Ibid.,116;Giroud,,224.

〔35〕MECW,Volume 46,124.

〔36〕Ibid.,124,132.

〔37〕Kapp,,Volumel,187.

〔38〕Morton,,23.

〔39〕Eckert (ed.),,427-429;Morton,,25.

〔40〕Bax,,73-74;Joseph Clayton,,9.

〔41〕Later,Shaw abandoned Marxism.James W.Hulse,,111.

〔42〕Benstein,of Exile,159-160.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 46,104.

〔44〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,134-135.

〔45〕Ibid.,133.

〔46〕MECW,Volume 46,133,134-135.

〔47〕Ibid.,475.

〔48〕MECW,Volume 46,161;Liebknecht,,43-44.

〔49〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,138-139.

〔50〕Ibid.,139.

〔51〕Eleanor Marx to Jenny Longuet,Oct.31,1881,Moscow.

〔52〕Liebknecht,,158.

〔53〕KMIR,1.

〔54〕Williamson,,58.

〔55〕Eleanor Marx to Pytor Lavrov,Dec.3,1881,Moscow;Eleanor Marx to Jenny Longuet,Oct.31,1881,IISG;Jenny Longuet to Laura Lafargue,Dec.2,1881,Moscow.

〔56〕MECW,Volume 46,163;Bax,,45.

〔57〕Wheen,,89.

〔58〕MECW,Volume 46,157,165.

〔59〕Ibid.,156.

〔60〕MECW,Volume 24,423-424;REM,90.

〔61〕MECW,Volume 46,164.

〔62〕Liebknecht,,159.

〔1〕William Shakespeare,,30.

〔2〕KMIR,159.

〔3〕Bemstein,of Exile,155.

〔4〕MECW,Volume 46,156.

〔5〕Ibid.,157-158.

〔6〕Ibid.,161.

〔7〕Ibid.,158.

〔8〕Ibid.,161.

〔9〕Ibid.,184.

〔10〕Flanders,House,182.

〔11〕to Jenny Longuet,Jan.16,1881,Moscow.

〔12〕Jenny Longuet to Karl Marx,Dec.3,1881,Moscow.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 46,169.

〔14〕to Jenny Longuet,Jan.8,1882,Moscow.

〔15〕Jenny Longuet to Laura Lafargue,Dec.1881,Moscow.

〔16〕Jenny Longuet to Laura Lafargue,Dec.2,1881,Moscow.

〔17〕Jenny Longuet to Laura Lafargue,Dec.1881,Moscow.

〔18〕MECW,Volume 46,176-177.

〔19〕Eleanor Marx to Jenny Longuet,Jan.15,1882,Moscow.

〔20〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,Jan.23,1882,Moscow.

〔21〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,Thursday,Apr.1882,Moscow.

〔22〕MECW,Volume 46,184.

〔23〕Ibid.,199.

〔24〕Ibid.,213-215.

〔25〕Ibid.,218.

〔26〕Ibid.,227.

〔27〕Ibid.,249.

〔28〕Ibid.,253-254.

〔29〕Ibid.,269.

〔30〕Ibid.,262.

〔31〕Ibid.,271-272.

〔32〕Jenny Longuet to Karl Marx,Feb.24,1882,Moscow.

〔33〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,Mar.23,1882,Moscow.

〔34〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,Jan.23,1882,Moscow;Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,June 10,1882,Moscow;Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,May 3,1882,Moscow.

〔35〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,May 3,1882,Moscow.

〔36〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,May 17,1882,Moscow.

〔37〕Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet,undated,Moscow.

〔38〕Jenny Longuet to Laura Lafargue,Mar.1882,Moscow.

〔39〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,June 10,1882,Moscow.

〔40〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,May 1882,Moscow.

〔41〕MECW,Volume 46,276;Longuet,,234.

〔42〕FE-PL,Volume I,82-83.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 46,303.

〔44〕Jenny Longuet to Laura Lafargue,July 1881,Moscow.

〔45〕REM,258.

〔46〕MECW,Volume 46,303.

〔47〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,154-155.

〔48〕Tsuzuki,,66-67.

〔49〕MECW,Volume 46,303.

〔50〕Ibid.,308.

〔51〕Ibid.,356.

〔52〕FE-PL,Volume I,88-89.

〔53〕MECW,Volume 46,291.

〔54〕FE-PL,Volume I,101;Derfler,Flowering of French Socialism,4.

〔55〕FE-PL,Volume ⅢI,479-480.

〔56〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor ,Sept.5,1882,Moscow.

〔57〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor,Sept.23,1882,Moscow.

〔58〕FE-PL,Volume I,100-101.

〔59〕MECW,Volume 46,221;Derfler,,167.

〔60〕Derfler,,5.

〔61〕MECW,Volume 46,375.

〔62〕Ibid.,394.

〔63〕Ibid.,529(n).

〔64〕Ibid.,399.

〔65〕FE-PL,Volume I,119.

〔66〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,Nov.8,1882,Moscow.

〔67〕FE-PL,Volume I,119.

〔68〕Ibid.,117.

〔69〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,Sept.5,1882,Moscow.

〔70〕Jenny Longuet to Eleanor Marx,Nov.8,1882,Moscow;Jenny Longuet

to Eleanor Marx,Dec.30,1882,Moscow.

〔71〕MECW,Volume 46,419,420.

〔72〕Ibid.,425.

〔73〕FE-PL,Volume III,479-480.

〔74〕MECW,Volume 46,420-421.

〔75〕Ibid.,421,424.

〔1〕Honoré de Balzac,Lost Illusions,60.

〔2〕Liebknecht,,160.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 24,460-461.

〔4〕MECW,Volume 46,434.

〔5〕Ibid.,440-441.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 46,456;REM,346.

〔7〕,,21;FE-PL,Volume I,121.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 24,476.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 46,462-463.

〔10〕Wheen,,382;Robert Payne,,500.

〔11〕REM,256-257.

〔12〕MECW,Volume 24,463.

〔13〕REM,348.

〔14〕MECW,Volume 24,464.

〔15〕Engels,,11-13;REM,348.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 24,469;REM,350.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 24,469.

〔18〕The ,March 18,1911,Greensburg,Indiana,8;Raddatz,,272.

〔19〕Berlin,,206.

〔1〕MECW,Volume 46,462.

〔2〕Ibid.,465.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 47,3.

〔4〕MECW,Volume 36,5.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 47,13.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 46,466;533(n).

〔7〕MECW,Volume 47,12.

〔8〕FE-PL,Volume l,124-125.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 47,3,26,561(n).

〔10〕Tsuzuki,,71.

〔11〕to Laura Lafargue,Mar.26,1883,ISG.

〔12〕Warren Sylvester Smith,The London Heretics,74;Tsuzuki,,83.

〔13〕Ellis quoted Shaw on Aveling.Ellis,“Havelock Ellis on ,” Adelphi,London,Sept./Oct.1935.

〔14〕KMIR,120.

〔15〕Warren Sylvester Smith,,74.

〔16〕Tsuzuki,,91-92.

〔17〕Ibid.,91-92;Robert Payne,,513.

〔18〕Ellis,“Havelock Ellis on Eleanor Marx,“Adelphi,London,Sept./Oct. 1935;Warren Sylvester Smith,,74.

〔19〕Kapp,,,204.

〔20〕Less than a month after Marx’s death,Engels wrote Zurich newspaper editor Eduard Bemstein on Aveling’s behalf.MECW,Volume 47,7.

〔21〕Ibid.,26.

〔22〕Aveling edited the newspapers Progress and Freethinker.Warren Sylvester Smith,London Heretics,63-65;Besant,,288.

〔23〕Beatrice Webb,,301-302.

〔24〕MECW,Volume 47,28-29.

〔25〕Derfler,,6-7.

〔26〕MECW,Volume 46,375.

〔27〕Derfler,,8.

〔28〕Ibid.,11.

〔29〕Derfler,,12;FE-PL,Volume I,132.

〔30〕FE-PL,Volume I,138-139.

〔31〕Ibid.,140.

〔32〕Ibid.,139.

〔33〕Ibid.,141-142.

〔34〕MECW,Volume 47,39-40.

〔35〕Ellis,“Havelock Ellis on ,",London,Sept./Oct.

〔36〕Bax,,75.

〔37〕O’Neill,Good Old Days,226;MECW,Volume 47,583(n).

〔38〕Wnight,Democracy and Reform,98.

〔39〕Hulse,Revolutionists in London,79.

〔40〕J.Bruce Glasier,32.

〔41〕Hulse,,226.

〔42〕May Morris,,xii.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 47,78.

〔44〕Ibid.,60-61.

〔45〕Gildea,,25.

〔46〕FE-PL,Volume I,162-163.

〔47〕Gildea,,34.

〔48〕Ibid.,35;FE-PL,Volume I,148-150.

〔49〕FE-PL,Volume I,151.

〔50〕Ibid.

〔51〕Ibid.,155.

〔52〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,175-176.

〔53〕FE-PL,Volume I,194-196.

〔54〕MECW,Volume 47,118,122,551(n).

〔55〕FE-PL,Volume I,217-219.

〔56〕Eleanor Marx to Laura Lafargue,June 18,1884,Moscow.

〔57〕Benstein,of Exile,161.

〔58〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Mrs.Bland,July 15,1884,Moscow.

〔59〕FE-PL,Volume I,217-219.

〔60〕MECW,Volume 47,177.

〔61〕Tsuzuki,Eleanor Marx,99.

〔62〕MECW,Volume 47,167;Tsuzuki,,107.

〔63〕Michael Rive (ed.),,48.

〔64〕Ibid.,49.

〔65〕Ellis,“Havelock Ellis on ,,London,Sept./Oct.

〔66〕Ibid.

〔67〕Yaffa Claire Draznin(ed.),,140;Ellis,“Havelock Ellis on ,",London,Sept./Oct.1935 .

〔68〕Draznin,,141.

〔69〕Tsuzuki,,99.

〔70〕Cole and Postgate,,415-416,421;Clayton,,20-21;Bax,Reminiscences,80.

〔71〕Clayton,,42.

〔72〕就成立社会主义同盟给社会民主联盟成员的告知书在1885年1月10日由爱德华·艾威林、爱琳娜·马克思·艾威林、罗伯特·班纳、E.B.巴克斯、威廉·莫里斯、和约翰·曼恩等签署。

〔73〕MECW,Volume 47,248.

〔1〕Aveling to George Bernard Shaw,June 2,1885,Catalog of George Bernard Shaw Papers,British Library,London.

〔2〕MECW,Volume 47,244.

〔3〕Ibid.,316.

〔4〕Ibid.,244.

〔5〕Ibid.,290.

〔6〕Ibid.,244.

〔7〕Ibid.,245,249,394.

〔8〕Ibid.,394.

〔9〕FE-PL,Volume I,270-271.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 36,283.

〔11〕Ibid.,235-236.

〔12〕Ibid.,238-239.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 47,289,296.

〔14〕Offord,,80,88;Hulse,,32-33.

〔15〕Tsuzuki,,121.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 47,405;Tsuzuki,,122.

〔17〕,London,May 4,1884,310.

〔18〕Bax,,109.

〔19〕MECW,Volume 47,274.

〔20〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Laura Lafargue,Apr.12,1885,Moscow.

〔21〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to George Bernard Shaw,June 2,1885,London,British Library,GBS Papers.

〔22〕Tsuzuki,,127.

〔23〕Ellis,“Havelock Ellis on ,",London,Sept./Oct. 1935.

〔24〕Ibid.

〔25〕Ibid.

〔26〕Miliband and Saville(eds.),The Socialist Register,183-184,187.

〔27〕Vera Buchanan-Gould,Not Without Honor:The Life and Writings of Olive Schreiner,221.

〔28〕Tsuzuki,,123-124.

〔29〕Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx Aveling,,6,8,13,16.

〔30〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to George Bemard Shaw,June 2,1885,London,British Library,GBS Papers;Tsuzuki,,165.

〔31〕Gustave Flaubert,.Eleanor Marx-Aveling,xx.

〔32〕Williamson,,58-61.

〔33〕Ibid.,46.

〔34〕Clayton,,26;MECW,Volume 47,366.

〔35〕O’Neill,,156;Wilson,s,508.

〔36〕Clayton,,27.

〔37〕MECW,Volume 47,404,408.

〔38〕Clayton,,27.

〔39〕MECW,Volume 47,413.

〔40〕Derfler,,48.

〔41〕MECW,Volume 47,413.

〔42〕Ibid.,428.

〔43〕Gildea,,35

〔44〕MECW,Volume 47,441,452,470.

〔45〕Ibid.,436.

〔46〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,193-194.

〔47〕Ibid.,194.

〔48〕Tsuzuki,,135.

〔49〕,Nov.6,1886,9.

〔50〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,194.

〔51〕Tsuzuki,,136.

〔52〕Edward Aveling and Aveling,,8.

〔53〕,Nov.6,1886,1 .

〔54〕Kapp,,Volumell,158.

〔55〕Ibid.,153.

〔56〕MECW,Volume 47,525.

〔57〕Ibid.,530-532,628(n);Tsuzuki,,140.

〔58〕MECW,Volume 47,494 and Volume 48,3.

〔59〕,Jan.8,1887,5.

〔60〕,London,Jan.13,1887,4.

〔61〕,Jan.14,1887,5.

〔62〕,London,Jan.13,1887,4.

〔63〕Warren Sylvester Smith,,79.

〔64〕Tsuzuki,,117.

〔65〕MECW,Volume 26,617;.14,1887,5.

〔66〕MECW,Volume 48,16-17.

〔67〕Bax,,52,55.

〔68〕George Bermard Shaw,

〔69〕Tsuzuki,,165.

〔1〕Tsuzuki,,168.

〔2〕Derfler,,69.

〔3〕在1875年之后的20年里,世界超过四分之一的土地被少数几个欧洲强国所控制。来源:Davies,Europe,,848.

〔4〕Hobsbawm,,354-355.

〔5〕Derfier,,70.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 47,413.

〔7〕Ibid.,5.

〔8〕Macé,,90.

〔9〕FE-PL,Volume II,40.

〔10〕MECW,Volume 48,542(n).

〔11〕FE-PL,Volume l,34-36.

〔12〕Ibid.,28.

〔13〕Tsuzuki,,79,115;Morris,,226.

〔14〕MECW,Volume 48,73-74,83,105.

〔15〕Bernstein,of Exile,202.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 48,91.

〔17〕Ellis,“Havelock Ellis on Eleanor Marx,",London,Sept./Oct.1935.

〔18〕Tsuzuki,,168.

〔19〕To-Day,London,June 1887,No.43.

〔20〕Ellis,“Havelock Ellis on Eleanor Marx,",London,Sept./Oct. 1935

〔21〕Meier,Perot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,197-198.

〔22〕Wilson,s,508.

〔23〕MECW,Volume 48,57.

〔24〕Wilson,s,508.

〔25〕MECW,Volume 48,79,536-537(n).

〔26〕Wilson,s,509.

〔27〕,London,Nov.14,1887,1.

〔28〕MECW,Volume 48,113.

〔29〕,London,Nov.14,1887,5.

〔30〕Morris,,263.

〔31〕Ibid.,252.

〔32〕MECW,Volume 48,113.

〔33〕Wilson,s,510;Warren Sylvester Smith,,22.

〔34〕Tsuzuki,,155.

〔35〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,202.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 48,119.

〔37〕Tsuzuki,,169-170.

〔38〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Laura Lafargue,Dec.31,1887,ISG.

〔39〕Tsuzuki,Eleanor Marx,173.

〔40〕MECW,Volume 48,198.

〔41〕Ibid.,183.

〔42〕Mayer,,294.

〔43〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to George Bemard Shaw,Dec.16,1887,GBS Papers.

〔44〕MECW,Volume 48,184,192.

〔45〕Ibid.,194.

〔46〕Mayer,,253.

〔47〕MECW,Volume 48,195,202,203.

〔48〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,204-205.

〔49〕Ibid.,207.

〔50〕MECW,Volume 48,208.

〔51〕Ibid.,207.

〔52〕Ibid.,211.

〔53〕Olsen,,122;Wilson,s,521.

〔54〕Will Thome,,13.

〔55〕Flanders,,370.

〔56〕Winder,,215.

〔57〕O’Neill,,46;Anne Cowen and Roger Cowen,

Jews Through British Eyes,xiv-xV.

〔58〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Laura Lafargue,June 24,1888,IISG.

〔59〕Paul Adelman,,12.

〔60〕Kapp,,Volume II,260.

〔61〕Ibid.,510.

〔62〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Laura Lafargue,Dec.31,1888,IISG.

〔1〕William Stewart,J.Keir Hardie:,38.

〔2〕Adelman,,10.

〔3〕Clayton,,56.

〔4〕Thome,,67.

〔5〕Clayton,,62.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 48,601(n);Adelman,,12-13.

〔7〕Thorme and Mann would become MPs;Bums would become an MP and a minister in a Liberal govenment.Cole and Postgate,,427.

〔8〕William Collison,,81.

〔9〕Clayton,,55.

〔10〕Cole and Postgate,,427-428.

〔11〕Ibid.,427.

〔12〕Thome,Battles,13.

〔13〕Ibid.,80-81.

〔14〕Ibid.,81.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 48,591(n);Cole and Postgate,,428;Thome,,80.

〔16〕Thorne,,86.

〔17〕MECW,Volume 48,373,379.

〔18〕Tsuzuki,,197.

〔19〕Clayton,,59.

〔20〕Cole and Postgate,,429.

〔21〕MECW,Volume 48,373.

〔22〕Cole and Postgate,,430.

〔23〕Clayton,,64.

〔24〕MECW,Volume 26,545.

〔25〕MECW,Volume 48,377,487 and Volume 49,479-480.

〔26〕MECW,Volume 48,312-313.

〔27〕Ibid.,313.

〔28〕Ibid.,286.

〔29〕Ibid.,286,287.

〔30〕Ibid.,316;Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,210.

〔31〕Derfler,,75.

〔32〕FE-PL,Volume II,285;Derfler,,75.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 48,348.

〔34〕Ibid.,352;Derfler,,74-75.

〔35〕MECW,Volume 48,353.

〔36〕Derfler,Flowering of French Socialism,76.

〔37〕MECW,Volume 48,352.

〔38〕Ibid.,589(n);Derfler,Flowering of French Socialism,77.

〔39〕MECW,Volume 48,392.

〔40〕REM,187.

〔41〕MECW,Volume 48,257-258.

〔42〕FE-PL,Volume Ⅱ,363.

〔43〕MECW,Volume 48,605(n),607(n).

〔44〕Ozment,,222;Williamson,,62.

〔45〕Williamson,,62-63;Ozment,,222.

〔46〕Ozment,,222-223.

〔47〕Williamson,,64.

〔48〕MECW,Volume 48,481.

〔49〕FE-PL,Volume Ⅱ,374.

〔50〕MECW,Volume 48,493.

〔51〕London,May 10,1890,5.

〔52〕MECW,Volume 48,493-494.

〔53〕Ibid.,409.

〔54〕,London,May 10,1890,7.

〔55〕MECW,Volume 48,494495,496.

〔56〕MECW,Volume 49,14.

〔57〕MECW,Volume 48,470.

〔58〕MECW,Volume 49,67.

〔59〕MECW,Volume 48,200.

〔60〕Ibid.,84.

〔61〕Bemstein,of Exile,169.

〔62〕Ibid.,192,196.

〔63〕Ibid.,197.

〔64〕MECW,Volume 49,53.

〔65〕Ibid.,65-66.

〔66〕MECW,Volume 49,67;Fomičev,”Helene Demuth Without Brethren,” ,972.

〔67〕MECW,Volume 49,67.

〔68〕Ibid.,67.

〔1〕MECW,Volume .49,215.

〔2〕Mayer,Friedrich .Engels,196.

〔3〕REM,191.

〔4〕Tsuzuki,,247.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 49,88.

〔6〕MECW,Volume .47,265.

〔7〕MECW,Volume 48,224-225,235.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 49,68-69.

〔9〕Ibid.,72.

〔10〕Ibid.,71.

〔11〕Ibid.,87.

〔12〕Ibid.,73.

〔13〕Ibid.,82.

〔14〕Ibid.,76.

〔15〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to ,Oct.14,1890,Moscow.

〔16〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Edward Aveling,Oct.16,1890,Moscow.

〔17〕Justice,London,Feb.21,1891,1;MECW,Volume 49,127.

〔18〕Derfler,,85,87-88.

〔19〕FE-PL,Volume II,88.

〔20〕Derfler,,88.

〔21〕Ibid.,89.

〔22〕Derfler,Flowering ,89-90;Macé,,110-111.

〔23〕Derfler,,90.

〔24〕Ibid.,91.

〔25〕FE-PL,Volume III,79(n).

〔26〕Derfler,,91-92.

〔27〕Ibid.,93-94.

〔28〕Macé,,113;Derfler,,94.

〔29〕FE-PL,Volume III,88.

〔30〕Derfler,,95.

〔31〕FE-PL,Volume III,106,110-111.

〔32〕Ibid.,112-113.

〔33〕MECW,Volume 49,269;Derfier,,98.

〔34〕Ibid.,288,290.

〔35〕FE-PL,Volume II,127.

〔36〕MECW,Volume 49,293;FE-PL,Volume Ⅲ,131(n).

〔37〕FE-PL,Volume I,133.

〔38〕Ibid.,134-135.

〔39〕MECW,Volume 49,305.

〔40〕FE-PL,Volume Ⅲ,137.

〔41〕Ibid.,138,144;MECW,Volume 49,306-307.

〔42〕FE-PL,Volume II,146(n).

〔43〕Derfler,,104-106.

〔44〕FE-PL,Volume III,145-146,148.

〔45〕Derfler,,105.

〔46〕FE-PL,Volume I,150-151.

〔47〕Ibid.,112-113.

〔48〕Ibid.,114.

〔1〕Derfler,,110.

〔2〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Laura Lafargue,Dec.19,1895,Moscow.

〔3〕MECW,Volume 49,225,584(n).

〔4〕Clayton,,37;MECW,Volume 49,237,238; Ferdinand Gilles,“Is He the Son-in-Law of ?,“London,Nov.10,1891.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 49,238.

〔6〕Ibid.,584(n).

〔7〕Derfler,,108.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 49,621-622(n);Derfler,110.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 49,409.

〔10〕Cole and Postgate,,434;MECW,Volume 49,468; Clayton,,61;Stewart,,6-7,68.

〔11〕Adelman,,17.

〔12〕Ibid.,22.

〔13〕Cole and Postgate,,435;Clayton,,75.

〔14〕Clayton,,72.

〔15〕MECW,Volume 49,479.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 50,154,569(n).

〔17〕Adelman,,19-20;MECW,Volume 50,574(n).

〔18〕MECW,Volume 27,404405;Stepanova,,229.

〔19〕Derfler,,143;FE-PL,Volume III,290;Gildea,,37.

〔20〕MECW,Volume 50,10,113.

〔21〕Derfler,,140.

〔22〕Tsuzuki,,233,237.

〔23〕Ibid.,239.

〔24〕MECW,Volume 49,357-358,359 and Volume 46,xvii.

〔25〕MECW,Volume 49,357-358.

〔26〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,246.

〔27〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Laura Lafargue,Mar.22,1894,Moscow.

〔28〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,247,248,250;Eleanor Marx Aveling to Laura Lafargue,Mar.22,1894,Moscow.

〔29〕Kapp,,Volume Il,560.

〔30〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch (eds.),,248.

〔31〕MECW,Volume 50,299.

〔32〕Ibid.,308.

〔33〕Ibid.,300.

〔34〕MECW,Volume 37,436.

〔35〕Ibid.,541-542.

〔36〕Ibid.,590.

〔37〕MECW,Volume 50,386-387.

〔38〕to Laura Lafargue,Nov.5,1894,Moscow.

〔39〕Tsuzuki,,252-253.

〔40〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Laura Lafargue,Nov.5,1894,Moscow.

〔41〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,258,260.

〔42〕MECW,Volume 50,537.

〔43〕Ibid.,395,424-425.

〔44〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,263;MECW,Volume 50,425.

〔45〕MECW,Volume 50,364.

〔1〕REM,65.

〔2〕Halliday,,195;MECW,Volume 50,441.

〔3〕Offord,,94.

〔4〕Ibid.,97.

〔5〕MECW,Volume 50,455.

〔6〕MECW,Volume 49,538.

〔7〕Offord,,99.

〔8〕Longuet,,239.

〔9〕MECW,Volume 50,507.

〔10〕Ibid.,395.

〔11〕Ibid.,526.

〔12〕Cole and Postgate,,436-437;Adelman,,23.

〔13〕MECW,Volume 50,526.

〔14〕Ibid.,535.

〔15〕Liebknecht said that though Engels had throat cancer,he died of a stroke. REM,148.

〔16〕MECW,Volume 50,612(n);Carver,,253.(Ludwig Freyberger asked Tussy shortly after Engels’s death to remove Marx’s chair and bookcases.Ludwig Freyberger to Eleanor Marx,Oct.4,1895,IISG.)

〔17〕MECW,Volume 50,537-538,541-542.

〔18〕Carver,,253.

〔19〕Kapp,,Volume Il,611.

〔20〕Fomicev,“Helene Demuth Without Brethren,“972.

〔21〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Sept.29,1895,Moscow;Bemstein,My Years of Exile,187,191-192;Mayer,Friedrich Engels,327;REM,180.(Cremations began to be carried out in England only in 1885,and were still rare in the 1890s. Wilson,s,544.)

〔22〕REM,59.

〔23〕Justice,London,July 30,1898,2.

〔24〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,285.

〔25〕Kapp,,,258.

〔26〕Aveling Last Will and Testament,Oct.16,1895,London IISG;Codicil,Nov.28,1896,IISG.

〔27〕Fomičev,“Helene Demuth Without Brethren,“972.

〔28〕Frédérique Longuet-Marx,author interview;Kapp,,Volume Il,505(n).

〔29〕FE-PL,Volume III,26-27;MECW,Volume 49,203.

〔30〕Eckert(ed.),,453

〔31〕Jean Longuet to ,Dec.31,1893,IISG.

〔32〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Jean Longuet,July 14,1895,Moscow.

〔33〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Feb.28,1896,Moscow.

〔34〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Sept.28,1897,Moscow.

〔35〕Tsuzuki,,278-279.

〔36〕Thorne,,148.

〔37〕Kapp,,Volume ll,632.

〔38〕Ibid.,630.

〔39〕Aveling to Laura Lafargue,Dec.24,1896,Moscow.

〔40〕Kapp,,Volume Il,631.

〔41〕Aveling to Karl Kautsky,July 19,1897,Moscow.

〔1〕Justice,London,July 30,1898,2.

〔2〕Tsuzuki,,296.

〔3〕Ibid.,299.

〔4〕Eckert(ed.),,455;Tsuzuki,,300.

〔5〕Justice,London,July 30,1898,2.

〔6〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Freddy Demuth,Aug.30,1897,Justice,London,July 30,1898,2.

〔7〕Tsuzuki,,305.

〔8〕Ibid.,306.

〔9〕Collison,,81-83.

〔10〕Tsuzuki,,306.

〔11〕Collison,r,84;Tsuzuki,,303.

〔12〕Tsuzuki,,307.

〔13〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,299;Tsuzuki,,310.

〔14〕Tsuzuki,,308-309.

〔15〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Natalie Liebknecht,Feb.1,1898,Moscow.

〔16〕Tsuzuki,,297.

〔17〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Edith(no sumame),[month illegible]29,1898,Moscow.

〔18〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Freddy Demuth,Feb.3,1898,Justice,London,July 30,1898,2.

〔19〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Freddy Demuth,Feb.5,1898,Justice,London,July 30,1898,2.

〔20〕Aveling to Freddy Demuth,Feb.7,1898,Justice,London July 30,1898,2.

〔21〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Jean Longuet,Feb.9,1898,Moscow.

〔22〕Eckert(ed.),,463.

〔23〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Karl Kautsky,Mar.15,1898,Moscow.

〔24〕Eleanor Marx Aveling to Freddy Demuth,Mar.1,1898,,London,July 30,1898,3.

〔25〕Tsuzuki,,316.

〔26〕London,July 30,1898,3.

〔27〕,London,Apr.8,1898,5.

〔28〕Tsuzuki,,318-319.

〔29〕Kapp,,Volume I,697.

〔30〕,London,Apr.8,1898,5.

〔31〕Tsuzuki,,319;,London,July 30,1898,3.

〔32〕,London,July 30,1898,3.

〔33〕Ibid.;Bemstein,,163;Tsuzuki,,319.

〔34〕Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,311.

〔35〕Macé,,149;,London,Apr.9,1898,2.

〔36〕,London,Apr.9,1898,2.

〔37〕Tsuzuki,,321.

〔38〕Justice,London,Apr.9,1898,2;Benstein,of Exile,210.

〔39〕,London,Apr.8,1898,5.

〔40〕Fomičev ,“Helene Demuth Without Brethren,“971.

〔41〕Tsuzuki,,323;Justice,London,July 30,1898,2.

〔42〕Justice,London,July 30,1898,2.

〔43〕Probate of Aveling’s Last Will and Testament,Apr.16,1898,London,IISG;Tsuzuki,,324.

〔44〕Justice,London,July 30,1898,2;Meier,Perrot,and Trebitsch(eds.),,311,312.

〔45〕,London,July 30,1898,2.

〔46〕Tsuzuki,,325.

〔1〕Whitridge,,331.

〔2〕Macé,,172;Derfler,,277.

〔3〕Derfler,,222.

〔4〕Ibid.,225.

〔5〕Ibid.,278.

〔6〕Macé,,172-173.

〔7〕Ibid.,194.

〔8〕MECW,Volume 50,567(n).

〔9〕Ibid.,216.

〔10〕FE-PL,Volume Ⅲ,304-305.

〔11〕MECW,Volume 47,333.

〔12〕FE-PL,Volume II,304-305.

〔13〕Derfler,,158.

〔14〕Ibid.,270-271.

〔15〕Ibid.,158.

〔16〕Longuet,,243.

〔17〕,undated,235-239.

〔18〕Frédénique Longuet-Marx,author interview.

〔19〕Macé,,160.

〔20〕Derfler,,288;Mace,,8,179.

〔21〕Macé,,7-9.

〔22〕Ibid.,9-10.

〔23〕Ibid.,11-12.

〔24〕Derfler,,290;,316.

〔25〕Macé,,9.

〔26〕Ibid.,178.

〔27〕Derfler,,295.

〔28〕Macé,,183.

〔29〕Ibid.,185;Louis Aragon,247.

〔30〕Macé,,184.

〔31〕Derfler,,300;Aragon,248.

〔32〕Macé,,188.

〔33〕Lenin,,Volume 17,304-305.

[①] 马克思传记作家通常描述说马克思一家住在三楼,大伦敦理事会也把蓝色的历史建筑标签贴在三楼,说明这里曾是马克思的居所。但一家人实际上住在顶楼。对于他们何时搬来第恩街28号,也存在争议。有些传记作家认为时间是1850年12月2日,但马克思在这一天写给恩格斯的信中留下的地址仍是第恩街64号。此外,1851年1月6日,马克思告诉恩格斯说自己需要付房租给女房东,因为她也“非常穷”。第恩街64号的房东是一个女人,第恩街28号的房东却是一个男人。马克思在1851年1月27日写给恩格斯的信中首次提到新住处。

[②] 施蒂贝尔后来成了普鲁士政治警察头目。这不是马克思第一次遇到化名施密特的警察密探:1848年,马克思就曾在自己的报纸上报道施蒂贝尔装扮成一个名叫施密特的艺术家,在西里西亚从事间谍活动。马克思和恩格斯认为,“施密特”就是普鲁士间谍通常采用的化名。

[③] 指恩格斯。

[④] 马克思传记作家一直在思索爱琳娜·马克思的这个昵称的由来。我在小燕妮写给丈夫龙格的信中找到了答案。

[⑤] 在写给奥利芙·施赖纳的信中,杜西说记得父亲说过,“小燕妮最像我,但杜西就是我”。

[⑥] 戴维斯认为马克思的唯物史观来自费尔巴哈,阶级斗争来自圣西蒙,无产阶级专政来自巴贝夫,劳工理论来自亚当·斯密,剩余价值来自布雷和汤普森,辩证法来自黑格尔。

[⑦] 相比,查尔斯·狄更斯仅1868年一年收入便有33000英镑。

[⑧] 在19世纪的英国,对于想要获得独立收入的中产阶级女性而言,家庭教师是一份体面的工作,但小燕妮被雇用她的那家人当作仆人一样对待。

[⑨] 通过措辞,投票人如果反对拿破仑扩张作为皇帝的权力,同时也将反对立法议员提出的民主改革,而投票人如果投票授予拿破仑更多权力,则说明他的统治是正当的,有利于他获得更多支持。

[⑩] 俾斯麦发动对法战争的一个重要目的是证明普鲁士的军事强大以及对德意志其他各邦的主导。他的军队出色地完成了这一目标。凭借先进的武器和出色的组织,他们迅速击溃法国军队。大多数德意志南北各邦议会同意普鲁士国王加冕为德意志第二帝国皇帝。此外,普鲁士击败法国、威廉加冕为皇帝后,欧洲大陆的军事和政治支点从巴黎转移到了柏林。普鲁士对法国可谓予取予求。

[11] 法国在太平洋上的殖民地,用于流放犯人。

[12] 极为可惜的是,在马克思死后,杜西和劳拉烧毁了很多信件,有的她们担心会冒犯到朋友,尤其是恩格斯,有的涉及她们自己,但她们不想留作记录。

[13] 比如在德国,李卜克内西和倍倍尔因为在政治上的激进和国际工人协会会员的身份,在1872年被判入狱两年。

[14] 从1874到1878年,拉法格给恩格斯写过至少28封信要钱。

[15] 马克思写信给女儿燕妮说,每个人挂在嘴边的问题都是“您对于瓦格纳的看法怎样?这个新德意志普鲁士帝国的音乐家十分特别的地方是,他同夫人(即同毕洛夫离婚的那位夫人),同戴绿帽子的毕洛夫以及他们共同的岳父李斯特,四个人一起住在拜罗伊特并且情投意合,他们亲热相处,相互接吻,彼此相爱而且皆大欢喜”。

[16] 在19世纪的英国,家里有人死后,尸体在下葬前安放在家里期间,窗帘一般合着,以示哀悼。葬礼后,窗帘才会拉开。

55.htm[index.htm](玛丽·加布里埃尔《爱与资本 马克思家事》(2012).md)57.htm